A power point presentation on statistics

A PowerPoint
presentation on statistics
Made by:
Vibhuti jain
Sakshi tiwari

Statistics’ origin…
 Latin word “status”.
 Italian word “statistica”.
 German “statistick”.
All refer to an organized political state.
Literal references
I. 17th century Hamlet (1602) Shakespeare.
II. Milton’s epic “paradise regained”.

 Gott fried achenwall (1719-1772)
Prof.of law & political science at gottington
germany.
He coined the term statistics as a
specialized branch of human knowledge,
hence is known as ‘father of statistics’.
Meaning:
i. A data in organized form depicting
some useful information.
ii. Methodical science to state numerical
facts and figures.

In business and economy, U would use
stats in:
a) Govt. would get its national income.
b) Employment statistics report.
c) Market stats of either the big firm, a
small industry or whole market
prevailing.
d) Production stats. States the accuracy of
production going.
e) Import & export stats. Show important
economy and growth units.

Modern definition by scholar:
W.I.king states…
The science of statistics is the method of
judging collective, natural or social
phenomena from the results obtained by
the analysis of an enumeration or
collection of estimates.

Characteristics/features :
Its basically an aggregate of facts that are
numerically expressed with perfect logic
which make it short and easier to
understand. The numbers rather than big
explanation makes it more interesting.
Statistics are affected to a marked extent
by multiplicity of causes. Since stats is
made up from facts arranged, all the
sourced factors affect its accuracy and
reliability.

Collected in standard accuracy which is
expected in a systematic manner for a
predetermined purpose.
Statistics are capable of being placed in
relation to each other. i.e. since statistical
data are mostly collected for the purpose
of comparison, the data ought to be
homogenous and uniform.

Example: will this be a statistical data?
“ram secured 90 percent marks in
statistics”.
statement Characteristics of data Data is or
is not
reason
Ram
secured
90% marks
in statistics
Numerically
expressed
comparison uniformity not Being a single
data, there is
lack of
uniformity &
comparison
yes no no

Scope & nature of statistics
Scope of statistics now varies widely from
probability, collection, classification,
tabulation, presentation, analysis,
interpretation, forecasting to descriptive
applied or scientifically applied statistics.
Whereas by nature we consider stats. As both
an art and as a science because of its
systematic general application and that its
successful application depends to a
considerable degree on the skill & special
experience of the statistician & his knowledge
of the field. i.e. economics.

Objectives & functions of statistics
• It simplifies complexity.
• Presents facts in definite, precise form,
providing comparison.
• Study of relationship between different
facts
• Enlarges human knowledge & experience
helping forecast futuristic events.
• Helps in formulation of policies measuring
their effect.
• Formulates & tests hypotheses.

 Importance of statistics
“sciences without statistics bear no fruit,
statistics without science has no root”.
Possessing universal usefulness, statistics is a
tool which can be used in attacking problems
that arise in almost every field of empirical
inquiry.
Statistical methods are used effectively to the
most diverse subjects ranging from minor
business & personnel decision to obtuse
questions of pure sciences & scholarship.

 In planning
Planning without stats. Is a ship without rudder & compass or
without stats. Planning is inconceivable.
 In economics
For Economic problems such as prod, cons., distri., of income &
wealth, expenditure & poverty etc stats serves as a mathematical
tool to measure & analyze.
 In business administration
Decision making in face of uncertainty on the basis of calculated
risks & numerical data. estimation of demand, trend, seasonal &
cyclical fluctuations of a time series.
Marketing decisions, investments, personnel administration,
inventory control, accounting & sales control are some of the
major areas where statistical techniques are extensively used.

 Limitations
Stats. Doesn’t study individual items but
deals with aggregates. Its essentially
totalitarian because its not concerned with
individual values, but only with classes.
Statistical results may be misleading if
quoted without context. Validity on one
situation cannot be utilized with other.
Studies only quantitative data. That of
latter expressions.
Results stand true on the average & in the
long run.

Statistical method isn't the sole method to
study a problem. Dealing with measurable
aspects of things, can seldom give the
complete solution to a problem.
Only an expert can make proper use of
this science. Since figures carry conviction
but are capable of easy manipulation so
better tackled in expert hands.
Stats. Is only means & not an end hence
it can be misused.

 Distrust in stats.
o Unreliable science capable of proving
anything.
o An ounce of truth will produce tons of
statistics.
o Statistics are like alienists – they will testify
for either side.
o What statistics reveal is ordinary, but what
they hide is vital.
o A statistician is a person who draws a
mathematically precise line from an
unwarranted assumption to foregone
conclusions.

 Reasons for such distrust.
 Defective data. If collected inaccurate,
results will mislead.
 Insufficient data. Decision based on
incomplete data may distort the truth.
 Non comparable data or inappropriate
comparisons.
 Innocence of the figures. Statistical data
do not always bear on their face the
hallmark of their quality.

 Misinterpretation of data: when facts are
supported by figures they are easily
believed.
 Inappropriate statistical methods, if not
correct it loses its faith
& is condemned.
 Absence of an objective test. That applied
to a statistical data to know its worth &
intrinsic values also helps in spreading a
general distrust against statistics.

 Conclusion
Overall statisticsis a usefulmethod when werequire to take
quick calculative decisions where there is involvement of
lesser vital informationof verbal units but thatof figureheads
which are thesole caretaker of thesituation.
It’s a science and art dual system used by experts and normal
persons too based on the intensityof events.
Economically it helps greatly in takingquantitativesteps of
growth & development when tackled with accurate collection
of data.

A power point presentation on statistics

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A power point presentation on statistics