Abuses of statistics
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This document discusses how graphs and statistics can be misleading. It provides examples of graphs that exaggerate differences through misleading scales or that imply correlations without sufficient evidence. Readers are advised to consider whether the data is presented accurately, whether the graph is trying to influence them, and whether conclusions follow when margins of error are large. Graphs should use regular intervals and present information clearly without biased implications.
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» What BIG DATA skills can you bring to the office tomorrow to increase your value to the firm
Heavy, messy, misleading. Why Big Data is a human problem, not a technology one.
Heavy, messy, misleading. Why Big Data is a human problem, not a technology one.Francesco D'Orazio "Big data" has been around for a few years now but for every hundred people talking about it there’s probably only one actually doing it. As a result Big Data has become the preferred vehicle for inflated expectations and misguided strategy.
As always, language holds the key and the seed of the issue is reflected in the expression itself. "Big Data" is not so much about a quality of the data or the tools to mine it, it’s about a new approach to product, policy or business strategy design. And that’s way harder and trickier to implement than any new technology stack.
In this talk I look at where Big Data is going, what are the real opportunities, limitations and dangers and what can we do to stop talking about it and start doing it today.
The future of newspapers
The future of newspapersRabbit The document discusses the future of newspapers in an increasingly online world. It notes several challenges newspapers face, such as rising print costs, loss of classified advertising revenue to online sites, and declining readership especially among younger demographics who are less interested in traditional top-down models of content selection. Statistics show large declines in newspaper circulation and readers over the past decade. However, people still value trusted brands and respected sources for news. The document suggests newspapers will evolve into more specialized elite products focusing on in-depth reporting and investigations, while journalists and media brands converge online adopting practices from both traditional and new media like blogging.
Heavy, Messy, Misleading: why Big Data is a human problem, not a tech one
Heavy, Messy, Misleading: why Big Data is a human problem, not a tech onePulsar "Big data" has been around for a few years now but for every hundred people talking about it there’s probably only one actually doing it. As a result Big Data has become the preferred vehicle for inflated expectations and misguided strategy.
As always, the seed of the issue is in the expression itself. Big Data is not so much about a quality of the data or the tools to mine it, it’s about a new approach to product, policy or business strategy design. And that’s way harder and trickier to implement than any new technology stack.
In this talk we look at where Big Data is going, what are the real opportunities, limitations and dangers and what can we do to stop talking about it and start doing it today.
Is Print DEAD?
Is Print DEAD?ErikHofstetter1 This document discusses the state of print media and compares it to digital media. It provides statistics showing that print remains an important industry in the US, employing over 840,000 people. While digital printing is growing, conventional printing still accounts for 73% of print volume. The document argues that claims about print being bad for the environment are untrue, as paper production is sustainable and recycling has increased. It also presents research showing that print is often more effective than digital for learning, memory, and direct marketing. Therefore, print still maintains an important role despite the growth of digital media.
Frequency Tables & Univariate Charts
Frequency Tables & Univariate ChartsStephanie Dodson 1) The document discusses generating frequency tables and univariate charts in SPSS. It explains how to produce frequency tables, pie charts, bar charts, and histograms in SPSS.
2) It provides examples of frequency table components and properly formatted univariate charts.
3) The document concludes by summarizing religious, educational, and family background information learned about young adults in the 1980 GSS based on frequency tables.
There are three kinds of lies
There are three kinds of liesgwsis This document discusses how statistics can be misleading and manipulated. It provides examples of selection bias, such as only surveying a non-representative sample. Other ways statistics can be misleading include using biased questions, asking the wrong question, misleading graphs, implying causation from correlation, making results seem more precise than they are, and making up statistics. The document encourages critically analyzing data and graphs by checking for correct information, potential influence attempts, and proper scale usage. It also discusses how to manually manipulate real data and graphs to draw misleading conclusions.
Hal varian presentation
Hal varian presentationJosé Moreno The document summarizes newspaper economics and the impact of the internet. It reviews newspaper revenues, costs, advertising levels and composition. It examines how the internet has impacted newspaper ad revenue and reader habits. The document speculates on opportunities to improve the newspaper industry and lists various data sources. Key points include newspapers derive most revenue from advertising but costs are high. While online readership is growing, time spent online is low and accounts for a small portion of total readership and revenue.
Hal Varian Economía de los Periodicos
Hal Varian Economía de los PeriodicosMariano Amartino The document summarizes newspaper economics and the impact of the internet. It reviews newspaper revenues, costs, advertising levels and composition. It examines how the internet has impacted newspaper ad revenue and reader habits. The document speculates on opportunities to improve the newspaper industry and lists various data sources. Key points include newspapers derive most revenue from advertising but costs are high. While online readership is growing, time spent online is low and accounts for a small portion of total readership and revenue.
L'economia dei giornali secondo Hal Varian e Google
L'economia dei giornali secondo Hal Varian e GoogleVittorio Pasteris The document summarizes newspaper economics and the impact of the internet. It reviews newspaper revenues, costs, advertising levels and composition. It examines how the internet has impacted newspaper ad revenue and reader habits. The document speculates on opportunities to improve the newspaper industry and lists various data sources. Key points include newspapers derive most revenue from advertising but costs are high. While online readership is growing, time spent online is low and accounts for a small portion of total readership and revenue.
Google Newspaper Economics Hal Varian March 2010
Google Newspaper Economics Hal Varian March 2010Subrahmanyam KVJ This document discusses the economics of newspapers and how the internet has impacted the newspaper industry. It covers several key points:
1) Newspaper revenues previously came mostly from advertising but costs were high. The internet has reduced advertising revenue and changed reader habits.
2) Circulation and ad revenues for newspapers have declined significantly in recent decades. Online advertising and readership make up a small portion of totals.
3) People access news from many sources now both online and offline. Online news consumption is frequent but brief while offline reading provides more in-depth exposure.
4) The type of news stories that newspapers traditionally monetized well, like automotive or real estate, are now found on specialized websites. Pure
Heavy, Messy, Misleading: How Big Data is a human problem, not a tech one
Heavy, Messy, Misleading: How Big Data is a human problem, not a tech onePulsar Platform This document discusses how big data is primarily a human problem rather than a technological one. It argues that while technology enables the collection and analysis of vast amounts of data, humans define the problems, frame the questions, and interpret the results, which can be biased. The document also notes that while a lot of data is collected, most is never analyzed due to challenges in preparing, standardizing, and making sense of large, messy datasets. Overall, big data represents an innovation in human decision-making and problem-solving rather than just a technical advancement.
Introduction to Data Visualization
Introduction to Data VisualizationStephen Tracy This is a presentation I gave on Data Visualization at a General Assembly event in Singapore, on January 22, 2016. The presso provides a brief history of dataviz as well as examples of common chart and visualization formatting mistakes that you should never make.
Twitterology - The Science of Twitter
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Statistics
StatisticsLearnbay Datascience Statistics is a mathematical science including methods of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data in such a way that meaningful conclusions can be drawn from them. In general, its investigations and analyses fall into two broad categories called descriptive and inferential statistics.
1.1 to 1.3
1.1 to 1.3Melissa Wittmer This document summarizes key concepts from the first three sections of Chapter 1 of an introductory statistics textbook. It defines important statistical terms like population, sample, parameter, and statistic. It also distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics, and different types of data like categorical, quantitative, discrete, and continuous data. Measurement levels like nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio are explained. Examples are provided to illustrate the concepts.
Statistical Literacy
Statistical Literacyjjdarragh Presentation that can be used by librarians or teaching faculty to illustrate good and bad statistics.
3.Net Neutrality.. Original idea or thought 350 words each.In Au.docx
3.Net Neutrality.. Original idea or thought 350 words each.In Au.docxgilbertkpeters11344 3.Net Neutrality.. Original idea or thought 350 words each.
In August 2010, Google and Verizon announced a proposal for new legislative oversight of the Internet. So far, public reaction has been overwhelmingly negative, with critics quick to note for example that the legislation would let the owners of mobile networks (e.g. 3G and EDGE) prioritize web traffic and thus privilege certain forms of content over others. Moreover, as Craig Aaron, managing director of Free Press points out, (Opens new window) The deal would allow ISPs to effectively split the Internet into "two pipes" -- one of which would be reserved for "managed services," a pay-for-play platform for content and applications. This is the proverbial toll road on the information superhighway, a fast lane reserved for the select few, while the rest of us are stuck on the cyber-equivalent of a winding dirt road.
Reply to this discussion 150 words each.
3.I really feel like Canadian Pop Culture is affected by the United States of America. Most of the popular shows, movies, and songs are created in United States. If you look at the two famous Canadian artists ( Drake and Justin Bieber) they are signed with American music labels. The top twenty television shows are produced in America. There are few shows the are Canadian produced such as Degrassi, Gilmore Girls, and Dragons Den. The big six media companies control 90% of what we see on television which is bad for the viewers. These corporations slowly brainwash us with their views and beliefs with advertisements and bias news. This limits creativity and diversity in the media. In today's society i feel that whoever controls the media has lots of power which can influence the nation greatly
3.Net Neutrality
..
Original idea or thought 350 words each.
In August 2010, Google and Verizon announced a proposal for new legislative oversight of the
Internet. So far, public reaction has been overwhelmingly nega
tive, with critics quick to note for
example that the legislation would let the owners of mobile networks (e.g. 3G and EDGE)
prioritize web traffic and thus privilege certain forms of content over others. Moreover, as Craig
Aaron, managing director of Free
Press points out, (Opens new window) The deal would allow
ISPs to effectively split the Internet into "two pipes"
--
one of which would be reserved for
"managed services," a pay
-
for
-
play platform for content and applications. This is the proverbial
toll r
oad on the information superhighway, a fast lane reserved for the select few, while the rest
of us are stuck on the cyber
-
equivalent of a winding dirt road.
Reply to this
discussion 150 words each.
3.I really feel like Canadian Pop Culture is affected by the United States of America. Most of
the
popular shows, movies, and songs are created in United States. If you look at the two famous
Canadian artists ( Drake and Justin Bieber) they are signed with American music labels. The top
twenty television shows a.
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1. Divide the population into strata based on the barangays.
2. Calculate the sample size for each stratum proportionately based on the total sample size (1000 residents) and population size of each stratum.
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Barangay Population Proportion of sample Sample size
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Mabunga 2,500 0.25 250
Counting techniques
Counting techniquesChie Pegollo There are 9! = 362,880 ways to seat 9 people around a round table, as the fundamental counting principle states that with 9 seats and 9 people, each person can be placed in each seat in 9 * 8 * 7 ... * 1 = 9! ways.
Measures of central tendency
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Measuresofcentraltendencygrpdata
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2. It provides examples of how to prepare a stem-and-leaf plot, construct a frequency distribution table, and define key terms related to grouped and ungrouped data presentation.
3. The objectives are to describe how to prepare a stem-and-leaf plot, describe data textually, construct a frequency distribution table, create graphs, and interpret graphs and tables.
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Module 2Chie Pegollo This document provides an introduction to summation notation and how to use a scientific calculator to evaluate expressions involving summation. It contains examples of using summation to find the total and average of data sets. The document also explains how to enter two-variable data into a calculator and obtain statistics like the total, average, and standard deviation of each variable as well as their correlation. Exercises at the end provide practice calculating various statistics for two data sets using summation notation and a calculator.
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Vaibhav Gupta
Cofounder @ Boundary
in/vaigup
boundaryml/baml
Imagine if every API call you made
failed only 5% of the time
boundaryml/baml
Imagine if every LLM call you made
failed only 5% of the time
boundaryml/baml
Imagine if every LLM call you made
failed only 5% of the time
boundaryml/baml
Fault tolerant systems are hard
but now everything must be
fault tolerant
boundaryml/baml
We need to change how we
think about these systems
Aaron Villalpando
Cofounder @ Boundary
Boundary
Combinator
boundaryml/baml
We used to write websites like this:
boundaryml/baml
But now we do this:
boundaryml/baml
Problems web dev had:
boundaryml/baml
Problems web dev had:
Strings. Strings everywhere.
boundaryml/baml
Problems web dev had:
Strings. Strings everywhere.
State management was impossible.
boundaryml/baml
Problems web dev had:
Strings. Strings everywhere.
State management was impossible.
Dynamic components? forget about it.
boundaryml/baml
Problems web dev had:
Strings. Strings everywhere.
State management was impossible.
Dynamic components? forget about it.
Reuse components? Good luck.
boundaryml/baml
Problems web dev had:
Strings. Strings everywhere.
State management was impossible.
Dynamic components? forget about it.
Reuse components? Good luck.
Iteration loops took minutes.
boundaryml/baml
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State management was impossible.
Dynamic components? forget about it.
Reuse components? Good luck.
Iteration loops took minutes.
Low engineering rigor
boundaryml/baml
React added engineering rigor
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The syntax we use changes how we
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boundaryml/baml
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Context management is impossible.
Changing one thing breaks another.
New models come out all the time.
Iteration loops take minutes.
boundaryml/baml
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Strings. Strings everywhere.
Context management is impossible.
Changing one thing breaks another.
New models come out all the time.
Iteration loops take minutes.
Low engineering rigor
boundaryml/baml
Agents need
the expressiveness of English,
but the structure of code
F*** You, Show Me The Prompt.
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<show don’t tell>
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=
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Maintainability
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Hands-On Experts: Our team includes certified ethical hackers (OSCP, CEH), cloud architects, red teamers, and security engineers with real-world breach response experience.
Custom, Not Cookie-Cutter: We don’t offer generic solutions. Every engagement is tailored to your environment, risk profile, and industry.
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Challenges in Migrating Imperative Deep Learning Programs to Graph Execution:...
Challenges in Migrating Imperative Deep Learning Programs to Graph Execution:...Raffi Khatchadourian
Abuses of statistics
- 2. Questions to Ask When Looking at Data and/or Graphs Is the information presented correctly? Is the graph trying to influence you? Does the scale use a regular interval? What impression is the graph giving you?
- 3. Why is this graph misleading? This title tells the reader what to think (that there are huge increases in price). The scale moves from 0 to 80,000 in the same amount of space as 80,000 to 81,000. The actual increase in price is 2,000 pounds, which is less than a 3% increase. The graph shows the second bar as being 3 times the size of the first bar, which implies a 300% increase in price.
- 4. A more accurate graph: An unbiased title A scale with a regular interval. This shows a more accurate picture of the increase.
- 5. Why is this graph misleading? The scale does not have a regular interval.
- 6. Graphs can be misleading in the news. The margin of error is the amount (usually in percentage points) that the results can be “off by.” Be wary of data with large margins of error.
- 7. From CNN.com
- 8. Problems: The difference in percentage points between Democrats and Republicans (and between Democrats and Independents) is 8% (62 – 54). Since the margin of error is 7%, it is likely that there is even less of a difference. The graph implies that the Democrats were 8 times more likely to agree with the decision. In truth, they were only slightly more likely to agree with the decision. The graph does not accurately demonstrate that a majority of all groups interviewed agreed with the decision.
- 9. CNN.com updates the graph:
- 10. What does the top of this graph show? •About 12 million people are downloading music legally. •Just over 9 million people are downloading music illegally. The bottom of the graph is misleading. Why? •The graph implies that 1% of the iPods are filled with legally downloaded music. •It implies that the other 99% are filled with illegally downloaded music. Why is this wrong?
- 11. What could be in those iPods besides legally downloaded music? Empty space – most people don’t have iPods that are filled to capacity. Songs that were added from legally purchased CDs. Games, calendars, other applications. Songs that were downloaded illegally. It is possible that the rest of the iPod contains some illegally downloaded music, but it is unlikely that 99% of a person’s iPod is filled with illegal music.
- 12. More information: The iPod graphic appeared in Wired magazine. A quote from the article: “What’s filling all that excess capacity? Well, despite the efforts of the Recording Industry Association of America, nearly a billion songs are traded on P2P networks every month.” This article was trying to imply that all of the excess space is filled with illegal downloads, which is likely untrue. The statistics for the article were provided by the music industry.