Basic statistics by Neeraj Bhandari ( Surkhet.Nepal )

STATISTICAL THINGING &
ANALYSIS
Statistical thinking will one day be as
necessary for efficient citizenship as
the ability to read and write
….. H. G. Wells
Statistical thinking can be defined as the
thought process that focuses on way
to identify, control, and reduce
variations present in all phenomenon

ORIGIN OF STATISTICS
The word „Statistics‟ seems to have
been derived from the Latin word
„STATUS‟ or the Italian word „statista‟
or the German word „statistik‟ each of
which means a „political state‟.
Sir Ronald A Fisher (1890-1962)
is Ihe father of Statistics

 “The mathematics of the collection,
organization, and interpretation of numerical
data, especially the analysis of population
characteristics by inference from sampling.”
 Statisticians collect and analyze data, then
calculate results using a specific design. They
draw conclusions and make decisions in the
face of uncertainty.
What Is Statistics?

STATISTICS
DEFINITION AND MEANING
Statistics may be defined as a science of
collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of numerical data.
This definition includes four terms:
1. Collection of data
2. Presentation of data
3. Analysis of data and
4. Interpretation of data

“The science of Statistics is the method of
judging collective, natural or social
phenomenon from the results obtained from
the analysis or enumeration or collection of
estimates”
…….. king
“Statistics is the science which deals
with collection, classification and
tabulation of numerical facts as the
basis for explanation, description and
comparison of phenomenon”
….. Lovitt

Types of Statistical Methods
Statistical methods, fall into the following two categories:
Descriptive statistics
Inferential statistics

Descriptive statistics
 descriptive statistics deals with collecting,
summarizing, and simplifying data, which are otherwise
quite unwieldy and voluminous. It seeks to achieve this
in a manner that meaningful conclusions can be readily
drawn from the data. Descriptive statistics may thus be
seen as comprising methods of bringing out and
highlighting the latent characteristics present in a set of
numerical data. It not only facilitates an understanding of
the data and systematic reporting thereof in a manner;
and also makes them amenable to further discussion,
analysis, and interpretations.

Inferential statistics
 Inferential statistics, also known as inductive
statistics, goes beyond describing a given problem
situation by means of collecting, summarizing, and
meaningfully presenting the related data. Instead, it
consists of methods that are used for drawing
inferences, or making broad generalizations, about a
totality of observations on the basis of knowledge about
a part of that totality. The totality of observations about
which an inference may be drawn, or a generalization
made, is called a population or a universe. The part of
totality, which is observed for data collection and
analysis to gain knowledge about the population, is
called a sample.

STATISTICS IN BUSINESS AND
MANAGEMENT
With the growing size and ever-increasing
competition, the problems of business
enterprise are becoming complex. And it
has become necessary for the executives
to rely more and more on elaborate
information system instead of their
intuition. And it is here that statistical data
and statistical methods play a very
significant role.

Some of the major areas of Business
Operations where Statistics have been
extensively and affectively used are as
follows:
 Production
 Marketing
 Purchasing
 Investment
 Banking
 Quality control

Environment
Agriculture,
Ecology, Forestry,
Animal Populations
Government
Census, Law,
National Defense
Physical
Sciences
Astronomy,
Chemistry, Physics
Areas where
STATISTICS
are used
Health &
Medicine
Genetics, Clinical Trials,
Epidemiology,
Pharmacology
Business
Economics, Engineering,
Marketing,
Computer Science

 Collecting data on subsets of the population
(samples) can give valid information about the
whole population.
 Knowing what has happened in the past can
help answer questions about the present and
future.
 Knowledge helps plan future tests,
determines resource allocation, and improves
quality.
Why Study Statistics?

 Study the safety of nuclear power plants
 Evaluate the environmental impact of pollution
 Determine the effectiveness of new drugs
 Estimate the India’s unemployment rate
 Analyze consumer demand for products
 Plan and analyze agricultural experiments
What We can do with the
help of Statistics?

 Manufacturing
 Build products and deliver
services that satisfy
consumers and increase the
corporation’s profit margin
Business and Industry

 Marketing
 Design experiments for new
products, conduct focus
groups and sample surveys,
and perform field experiments
in test markets to determine
product viability

 Engineering
 Make a consistent product,
detect problems, minimize
waste, and predict product life
in electronics, chemicals,
aerospace, pollution control,
construction, and other
industries

 Statistical Computing
 Work in software design and
development, testing, quality
assurance, technical support,
education, marketing, and sales to
develop code that is both user-
friendly and sufficiently complex

 Epidemiology
 Work on calculating cancer
incidence rates, monitor
disease outbreaks, and
monitor changes in health-
related behaviors such as
smoking and physical activity
Health and Medicine

 Public Health
 Prevent disease, prolong life,
and promote health through
organized community efforts,
including sanitation, hygiene
education, diagnoses, and
preventative treatment
Health and Medicine

 Pharmacology
 Work in drug discovery,
development, approval, and
marketing, to ensure the
validity and accuracy of
findings at all stages of the
process
Health and Medicine

 Genetics
 Label possible indicators of
genetic abnormalities, such
as birth defects and early
aging, or breed desirable
characteristics in plant
offspring
Health and Medicine

 Education
 Teach K-12 through post-
graduate students, assess
teacher effectiveness, or
develop statistical models to
represent student learning
Learning

 Science Writing &
Journalism
 Work with mass media,
universities, and corporations to
produce news briefs, articles,
news releases, and other reports
Learning

 Government
 Work in regulations for stock
trading, pollution, and drug
approvals, or testify in court
proceedings, congressional
hearings, and lobbying
arguments
Research

 Survey Methods
 Collect data in the social
sciences, education, law,
forestry, agriculture,
biology, medicine,
business, and
e-commerce, and for the
government
Research

 Law
 Analyze data in court
cases, including DNA
evidence, salary
discrepancies, discrimination
law suits, and disease
clusters
Social Statistics

 Consulting
 Work on a temporary basis
on a variety of projects
including quality
improvement,
pharmaceuticals, ecology,
and engineering
Social Statistics

 Agriculture
 Study chemical pesticides,
hydrogeology, veterinary
sciences, genetics, and crop
management in order to
ensure optimal yield
Natural Resources

 Ecology
 Address questions about
the earth’s natural
environment, including
animal populations,
agricultural protections,
and fertilizer and pesticide
safety
Natural Resources

Skills
 Quantitative Skills
 Statistics, Mathematics, Science
 Problem Solving Skills
 Analysis, Teamwork
 Communication Skills
 Verbal, Written
 Computer Programming Languages
 Foundation in Field of Application

Opportunities
 Diversity
 Pure Research
 Interdisciplinary Teams
 Advancement
 Experience, education, and communication
skills lead to professional advancement
 Versatility
 Challenging and Exciting Fields of
Application

Basic statistics by Neeraj Bhandari ( Surkhet.Nepal )

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