2. Origin of Statistics
•The word ‘Statistics’ originated from the Latin word ‘status’ meaning
‘state’ or Political State’ (Position).
•In the olden days ‘statistics’ was mainly used for administering the
affairs of a country in relation to the status of various administrative
requirements. For Example:
- Estimating budget requirements,
- the amount of tax to be collected,
- the labor and military force required,
- and the amount of clothing, food, schools
- and hospitals required, etc...
3. Definition
• Statistics :
• Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with
collecting, organizing, presenting, Analyzing & interpreting
Quantitative data is called Statistics
The word Statistics can be defined in both plural and singular Sense.
Collection Organizing Presenting
Data
Analysing
Statistics
interpretation
4. Definition
• In plural sense it means, numerically stated facts or facts expressed in figures.
For example, when the following facts are expressed in figures they become
statistics.
1. The population of India according to 2011 census is 121crores
2. The total outpatient department (OPD/clinic attendance at the Siddhartha
medical college T-Begur, during 2022-2023 was 1,10,000.
3. Total no of nursing students in Siddhartha college is 2000
In singular sense, Statistics stands for the science of collecting, Presenting,
analysis and interpretation of numerical data.
6. Statistical methods
• Descriptive statistics : It is a method used to summarize and describe
the main features of dataset using tables , graphs and summary
measures.
Example: Height(cm) of 25 students in a class
160,150,165,170,175,180,185,190,195,200,210,190,158,170,140,160,
165,170,185,190,210,160,200,180,160.
7. Inferential statistics
• Inferential statistics :It is a method that uses the data which is
measured to form conclusions or to make decisions, predictions or
draw inference about population data using sample.
Example:
1. A medical researcher wants to check the effectiveness of new
drug for a disease.
2. An education researcher wants to assess the impact of a new
teaching method on student performance.
8. Father of Modern statistics:
Sir Ronald A Fisher (1890-1962),
London-UK developed and demonstrated
the use of various statistical techniques in
the applied fields such as Genetics,
Biometry,Psychologys,Agriculture,Insurance
, Medicine, etc.
He developed the concepts of Estimation,
Analysis of variance(ANOVA), Design of
experiments, and so on. Rightly, he is called
‘Father of modern Statistics’.
Sir Ronald A Fisher
9. Father of Indian statistics:
P.C. Mahalanobis (1893-1972), Kolkata;
was an Indian scientist and statistician.
He founded the Indian Statistical Institute
(ISI), and contributed to the design of
large-scale sample surveys.
For his contributions, Mahalanobis has
been considered the father of modern
statistics in India.
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
10. 10
Biostatistics
Statistical methods applied in the fields of medicine, biology and public
health is termed as ‘biostatistics’.
Biostatistics is known by many names Medical Statistics, Health Statistics
and Vital Statistics.
11. Father of Biostatistics:
Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911),
Birmingham-UK, he is consider as the father
of biostatistics,
He was the first to apply statistical methods
for the study of human differences and
inheritance of intelligence, and introduced
the use of Questionnaires and Surveys for
collecting data on human communities.
Sir Francis Galton
12. 12
Statistics related to the
- health of the people in a community;
- epidemiology of diseases;
- association of socioeconomic and demographic variables,
- environmental factors and
- promotion of health, etc.. are included in Health Statistics.
Example : Prevalence of diabetes in those over 50 years of age in
Nelamangala town in 2022 could be 10 %, & some of possible causal factors
for it could be overweight, lack of exercise and excess sugar intake
Health Statistics
13. 13
Medical Statistics
Statistics related to
- clinical and laboratory parameters, their relationship,
prediction after treatment,
- clinical trails etc.… may be included in Medical Statistics.
Example To define the normal limits (reference values) of various laboratory
and clinical parameters
e.g. The normal limits of fasting blood sugar may be 60-110mg%
14. 14
Statistics related to
~ the vital events in life
- births;
- illness;
- death,
- marriage,
- divorce
- adoption, etc..
~ their rates of occurrence,
~ causes of increase or decrease in the vital rates,
~ expectation of life at birth and at a given age, etc..
are included in Vital Statistics.
Example : The birth rate, death rate and expectation of life at birth in India 2021 were 16.42 live births per 1000 of
the population, 9.45 deaths per 1000 of the population and 69.96 years respectively;
Vital Statistics
15. 15
Population forms the basis of a majority of studies on vital and health
statistics. Hence, the study of population called Demography, also becomes a
part and parcel of biostatistics.
Accurate information on population with respect to sex, age and other
important factors like socioeconomic status is essential to define the vital
statistics rates.
The reasons for increase/decrease in population size, relationship with
socioeconomic and environment factors, etc..
Demography
16. Uses of Statistical methods in general
Statistical methods, in general are needed for the following tasks:
• Gathering (Collecting)medical and health data scientifically.
• Summarizing collected data to make it comprehensible.
• Drawing conclusions from the summarized data
• Generalizing the results obtained from the sample to the entire
population with scientific validity.
17. 17
To define the normal limits (reference values) of various laboratory and
clinical parameters
e.g. The normal limits of fasting blood sugar may be 60-110 mg%
To determine whether various laboratory and clinical parameters are correlated,
(if yes) then
To determine their degree of correlation and statistical significance.
Example: Correlation of blood pressure with cholesterol
Correlation of blood sugar level with weight
Application and uses of statistical methods in medicine
18. 18
To estimate the magnitude of various diseases and health problems and to asses
their distribution with respect to age, place, and other factors and to identify the
possible causative factors such as socioeconomic status, lifestyle, behavioral
habits and environmental factors. (This branch of statistics is called epidemiology)
e.g. Prevalence of diabetes in those over 50 years of age in Bangalore town in
2020 could be 5%, & some of possible causal factors for it could be overweight,
lack of exercise and excess sugar intake.
Uses..
19. 19
To develop new, more effective drugs and treatment methods for various
diseases and to predict various outcomes (improvement, cure, living or dead) after
treatment, based on various factors. (This branch of study is called Clinical Trails)
e.g. Treatment A may be better than Treatment B
To test the efficacy of new vaccines for the prevention of diseases.
(This branch of statistics is called prophylactic trials)
Uses ........
20. 20
To estimate vital statistics rates and to evaluate the expectation of life at
birth and at various ages by constructing the Life Table based on mortality
data. (This branch of statistics is called ‘Vital Statistics’)
e.g. The birth rate, death rate and expectation of life at birth in India 2021
were 16.42 live births per 1000 of the population, 9.45 deaths per 1000 of the
population and 69.96 years respectively;
To estimate the probability of survival after treatment for a specified period
in chronic diseases such as Cancer.
(This branch of study is called Survival Analysis)
Uses ........
21. 21
Functions of Statistics:
● It presents the facts in a definite form.
● It simplifies and condenses the size of the data.
● It facilitates comparison.
● It helps in formulating policies.
● It helps in forecasting.
● It studies the relationship between factors.
