Biostatistics_pinky.pptx useful video to learn

BIOSTATISTICS
(A SEMINAR REPORT FOR PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF M.SC.
DEGREE IN ZOOLOGY)
SUBMITTED BY: MS. PINKY GOYAL
M.SC.(ZOOLOGY)
ROLL NO - 1889027
GUIDE: MS. DEEKSHA SRIVASTAVA
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
S.S.Jain Subodh PG College
Rambagh Circle , Jaipur

CONTENT
What is Bio-Statistics?
 Definition of Statistics
 Distinction between
• Data, Information, Statistics
 Types of data
Statistical symbols
Collection of data
Organization of data
Presentation of data
Analysis of data
Scopes and Applications

What is Biostatistics ?
(biometrics or biometry)
Development and application of statistical
techniques to scientific research relating to life:
Human, Plant and Animal
Here the focus is on Human life and Health.
Thus the areas of application relates to:
Pharmacology,
medicine,
epidemiology,
public health,
Physiology and anatomy,
Genetics

What is Statistics?
(Definition)
The Statistics is defined differently by
different authors from time to time.
The reasons being:
Its scope and utility has widened
considerably over time.
It is defined in two ways:
as “statistical data” and
“statistical methods”

DEFINITION OF STATISTICS AS A BODY
OF
SCIENCE
American Heritage Dictionary® defines
statistics as: "The mathematics of the
Collection, organization, and interpretation of
numerical data, especially the analysis of
population characteristics by inference from
sampling.“
The Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary®
definition is: "A branch of mathematics dealing
with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and
presentation of masses of numerical data."

A Simple but Concise definition by
Croxton and Cowden:
“Statistics is defined as the
Collection,
Presentation,
Analysis and
Interpretation of numerical
data.”

DATA, INFORMATION AND
STATISTICS
DATA
“Facts or figures from which conclusions can be
drawn".
Data can take various forms, but are often
numerical.
Data can relate to an enormous variety of
aspects, for example:
• the daily weight measurements of each
individual in your classroom;
• Blood pressure and pulse recording of
patients at regular interval

INFORMATION:
“Data that have been recorded, classified, organized,
related, or interpreted within a framework so that meaning
emerges".
Information, can take various forms:
• The number of persons in a group in each weight
category (20 to 25 kg, 26 to 30 kg, etc.);
• Number of Adolescents having menarch cycle
within <20 days, 20-25 days, 25 – 30 days, etc.
• Number of patients responding to the drug within 3-
5, 5- 7 & more than 7 days of therapeutic dose

Just as trees are the raw material
from which paper is produced, so
too, can data be viewed as the raw
material from which information is
obtained.
DATA Information

STATISTICS
A statistics is "a type of information obtained through
mathematical operations on numerical data".
• The average weight of people in
your classroom;
• The average number of in-door patients per day in a
month for 12 months.
• The minimum and maximum blood pressure
observed each hour of critical patient.

Data collected on the weight of 20 individuals in
your classroom
Data Information Statistics
20kg 5 individuals in the
20-to-25-kg range
Mean weight = 22.5
kg
25kg
28kg 15 individuals in the
26-to-30-kg range
Median weight = 28
kg
30kg
….
etc

TYPES OF DATA
Qualitative Data: They are Nonnumeric.
In form of words such as
• Description of events: Verbal Autopsy
• Transcripts of interview: Opinion of CDMOs on Efficacy of ASHA
• Written documents: Guidelines on Roles and Responsibility of
ASHA
• Characteristic not capable of Quantitative measurement: Sex of a
patient, Colour, Odour
Quantitative Data: They are numeric.
The characteristic capable of quantitative measurement: Height,
Weight, Blood pressure etc.

Biostatistics_pinky.pptx useful video to learn

Sample statistic Population parameter Description
n N number of members of
sample or population
x
̅ “x-bar” μ “mu”
or μ
mean
M or Med
or x̃ “x-tilde”
none Median
s
(TIs say Sx)
σ “sigma”
or σ
Standard deviation
For variance, squared
symbol (s² or σ²).
r ρ “rho” coefficient of linear
correlation
p
̂ “p-hat” p proportion
z t χ² (n/a) calculated test statistic

COLLECTION OF DATA
This is the first and most important stage of statistical
investigation.
Since the data are the raw material to any statistical
investigation, utmost care is necessary to be taken for
collection of reliable and
accurate data.
The first hand collection of data is very difficult.
Therefore the investigator should see if the data intended
for the purpose is already collected by some other
agencies. This would help
save time,
money and
duplication of effort.

ORGANISATION OF DATA
The data collected from a published secondary source is in organised form.
The large mass of data collected from a survey need to be organised.
The first stage in organising data is editing.
Editing for completeness,
Editing for inconsistencies,
Editing for homogeneity,
Editing for accuracy,
Editing for reliability,
The 2nd stage in organising data is classification of data.
That means arranging data according to certain common characteristics of
the units on which data are collected.
The final step is the tabulation.
The purpose is to present data in rows and columns so that
there is absolute clarity in data to be presented

PRESENTATION OF DATA:
The presentation of data is an art and science. It facilitate
statistical analysis,
comparison and
appreciation.
The data can be presented through:
Diagrams, Graphs, Pictures etc.
ANALYSIS OF DATA:
Analysis of data are done through;
Simple observation,
Application of simple and
highly sophisticated statistical techniques like;
Measures of central tendency,
variation, correlation, regression,
seasonality, trend, computation of indices etc.

Functions of Statistics
It presents facts in a definite form
It simplifies mass of figures
It facilitate comparison
It helps in formulating and testing hypothesis.
It helps in prediction
It helps in formulation of suitable policies.

SCOPE AND APPLICATIONS OF
BIOSTATISTICS
•In Physiology And Anatomy
O To define what is normal or healthy in a population.
O To find the limits of normality in variables such as weight and pulse rate
etc. in a population.
To compare the efficacy of a particular drug, operation or line of
treatment – for this, the percentage cured, relieved or died in the
experiment and control groups, is compared and difference due to chance
or otherwise is found by applying statistical techniques.
• To find an association between two attributes such as cancer and
smoking or filariasis and social class–an appropriate test is applied for
this purpose.

•Deficiency of iodine as an important cause of
goiter in a community is confirmed only after
comparing the incidence of goiter cases before
and after giving iodized salt
 The methods used in dealing with statistics in the fields of medicine,
biology and public health for planning, conducting and analyzing data which
arise in investigations of these branches.
 The most common areas where one can find an extensive applications of
statistical methods in human genetics is
* Human Genome Project
* Linkage Analysis
* Sequencing

Biostatistics – A foundation for Analysis in the
Health Sciences: Wayne W. Daniel, Seventh Edition,
Wiley Students Analysis.
A First Course in Statistics with Application: A.K. P.
C Swain, Kalyani Publishers
Methods in Biostatistics sixth edition : BK Mahajan
Fundamentals of Biostatistics : Sanjeev BS Rao
KV. Biostatistics: A manual of statistical methods for
use in health, nutrition and anthropology. 2nd ed. New
Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher (P) ltd; 2007.
REFERENCES

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