G7 Math Q4-Week 1- Uses of Statistics.ppt
- 2. Origin and Development The history of statistics can be traced back at least to the Biblical times in ancient Egypt, Babylon, and Rome. As early as 3500 years before the birth of Christ, statistics had been used in Egypt in the form of recording the number of sheep or cattle owned, the amount of grain produced, and the number of people living in a particular city.
- 3. Origin and Development In 3800 B.C., Babylonian government used statistics to measure the number of men under a king’s rule and the vast territory that he occupied. It was his belief that the more men under his command and the more lands he conquered, the more powerful his kingdom would become. In 700 B.C., Roman empires used statistics by conducting registration to record population for the purpose of collecting taxes.
- 4. Origin and Development In the modern times, statistical methods have been used to record and predict such things as birth and death rates, employment and inflation rates, sports achievements, and other economic and social trends. They have even been used to assess opinions from polls and unlock secret codes from a game of chance.
- 5. Origin and Development Modern statistics is said to have begun with John Graunt (1620 – 1674), an English tradesman. Graunt collected published records called “bills of mortality” that included information about the numbers and causes of deaths in the city of London. Graunt analyzed more than fifty years of data and created the first mortality table, a table showing how long a person may be expected to live after reaching a certain age.
- 6. Origin and Development There were so many other great men who made important contributions to statistics. One of them was Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777 – 1855), the brilliant German mathematician who used statistical methods in making predictions about the positions of the planets in our solar system.
- 7. Origin and Development Adolphe Quetelet (1796 – 1874), a Belgian astronomer developed the idea of the “average man” from his studies of the Belgian census. He was also known as the “Father of Modern Statistics.” Karl Pearson (1857 – 1936), an English mathematician made important links between probability and statistics.
- 8. Origin and Development In the 20th century, the British statistician Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher developed the F-tool in inferential statistics. This tool has been very useful in testing improvements of production from agricultural experiments and improvement of precision of results from medical, biological, industrial experimentation. The American George Gallup (1901 – 1984) was instrumental in making statistical polling, a common tool in political campaigns.
- 9. Definition STATISTICS refers to a field of study in which quantitative data are collected, presented, analyzed and interpreted. Today, statistics and statistical analysis are used in every profession. Statistics have become a most valuable tool in business, economics, management, psychology, health, education and many others.
- 10. Definition The word statistik comes from the Italian word statista which means “statesman”. It was first used by Gottfried Achenwall (1719 – 1772), a professor at Marlborough and Gottingen, while Dr. E.A.W. Zimmerman introduced it in England. It was popularized by Sir John Sinclair in his work, Statistical Account of Scotland (1791 – 1799). However, people had been recording and using data long before the 18th century.
- 11. Uses of Statistics STATISTICS helps people answer questions and make decisions about many things.
- 12. For example, in education, statistics can be used to assess students’ performance and correlate factors affecting teaching and learning processes to improve quality of education. Uses of Statistics
- 13. Uses of Statistics In Psychology, statistics is used to determine attitudinal patterns, the causes and effects of misbehavior.
- 14. Uses of Statistics In business and economics, statistics is used to analyze a wide range of data like sales, outputs, price indices, revenues, costs, inventories, accounts, and the like. This is to monitor status of customers, employees, orders, and production
- 15. Uses of Statistics In research and experimentation, statistics is used to validate or test a claim or inferences about a group of people or object, or a series of events.
- 16. In the field of medicine, statistics is used to collect information about patients and diseases and to make decisions about the use of new drugs or treatment. Uses of Statistics
- 17. Uses of Statistics Another important use of statistics is in demographics, the study of the size, vital characteristics of the population, and how they might change over time. Perhaps most familiar to us are the statistics reported in the news media about important issues.
- 18. Fields of Statistics Desciptive statistics is concerned with the methods of collecting, organizing, and presenting data appropriately and creatively to describe or assess group characteristics. Inferential statistics is concerned with inferring or drawing conclusions about the population based from pre-selected elements of that population.
- 19. Variables A variable is a characteristic that changes or varies over time and/or for different individuals or objects under consideration. Examples 1.The number of ton coal consumption is a variable that changes from power plant to power plant; 2.The tonnage distributed by a brokerage firm
- 20. Qualitative and Quantitative Variables Qualitative variables measure a quality or characteristic on each individual or object. Examples 1.Color of cars: red, blue, yellow, gray, black; 2.T-shirt size: extra small, small, medium, large, extra large.
- 21. Qualitative and Quantitative Variables Quantitative variables measure a numerical quality or amount on each individual or object, often represented by x. Examples 1.Let x represent the height of male students in a university; 2.Let x represent the number of batteries produced by a manufacturing company.
- 22. Discrete and Continuous Variables A discrete variable can assume only a finite or countable number of values. Examples 1.Let x represent the number of washers produced by a company; 2.Let x represent the number of bolts produced by a machine.
- 23. Discrete and Continuous Variables A continuous variable can assume the infinitely many values corresponding to the point on a line interval. Examples 1.Let x represent the height (in meters) of college students; 2.Let x represent the length of cable (in meters) installed by Meralco in Metro Manila.
- 24. Classification of Variables A. According to functional relationship •Independent variable. This is sometimes termed as predictor variable. •Dependent variable. This is sometimes called criterion variable. For example, academic achievement is dependent on I.Q. IQ is the independent variable and academic achievement is the dependent variable.
- 25. Classification of Variables B. According to scale of measurements •Nominal variable. This property allows one to make statements of similarities or differences. •Ordinal variable. This variable refers to a property whereby members of a group are ranked.
- 26. Classification of Variables B. According to scale of measurements 3.Interval variable. This property allows one to make statements of equality of intervals. 4.Ratio variable. This property permits making statements of equality of ratios.
- 27. Constants Constants refer to the fundamental quantities that do not change in value. Fixed costs and acceleration due to gravity are examples of such.
- 28. Data and Information Data usually refers to facts concerning things such as status in life of people, defectiveness of objects or effect of an event to the society. Information is a set of data that have been processed and presented in a form suitable for human interpretation, usually with a purpose of revealing trends or patterns about the population.
- 29. Sources of Data There are two sources of obtaining data. One is called the primary source from which a firsthand information is obtained usually by means of personal interview and actual observation.
- 30. Sources of Data On the other hand, the secondary source of information is taken from other’s works, news reports, readings, and those that are kept by the National Statistics Office, Securities and Exchange Commission, S.S.S., and other government and private agencies.
- 31. Sources of Data Data are said to be an asset of a company if they are accurate, updated, and available when needed. Hence, any institution or business organization must have a database called Management Information System where all information about their business are made available in order to facilitate verification of claims and to come up with wise decisions.
- 32. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 1. Direct or Interview Method – is a person-to- person interaction between an interviewer and an interviewee. Tape recorded or written interviews will help the researcher obtain exact information from the interviewee.
- 33. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 1. Direct or Interview Method Advantages: Precise and consistent answers can be obtained by modifying or rephrasing the questions especially to illiterate respondents or to children under study. Disadvantages: It is time, money, and effort consuming and it will be applicable only for small population, except when conducting a census.
- 34. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 2. Indirect or Questionnaire Method – is an alternative method for the interview method. Written responses are obtained by disturbing questionnaires (a list of questions intended to elicit answers to a given problem, must be given in a logical order and not too personal) to the respondents through mail or hand-carry.
- 35. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 2. Indirect or Questionnaire Method Advantages: Lesser time, money, and efforts are consumed. Disadvantages: Many respondents may not be consistent due to the poor construction of the questionnaire. The meaning of the questions may be different from each respondent. Inconsistent responses can no longer be modified; it reduces valid number of respondents.
- 36. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 3. Registration Method – is enforced by private organizations or government agencies for recording purposes.
- 37. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 3. Registration Method Advantages: Organized data from an institution can serve as ready references for future study or for personal claims of people’s records. Disadvantages: Problem arises only when an agency doesn’t have a Management Information System and if the system or process of registration is not implemented well.
- 38. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 4. Observation Method – is a scientific method of investigation that makes possible use of all senses to measure or obtain outcomes / responses from the object of the study.
- 39. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 4. Observation Method Advantages: Observation method is usually applied to respondents that cannot be asked or need not speak, especially when behaviors of persons / culture of organizations / performance outcomes of employees / students are to be considered. Disadvantages: Subjectivity of information sought cannot be avoided.
- 40. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 5. Experimentation – is used when the objective is to determine the cause-and-effect of a certain phenomenon under some controlled conditions.
- 41. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages 5. Experimentation Advantages: There is objectivity of information since a scientific method of inquiry is used. An equal number of respondents with relatively similar characteristics are being examined to obtain the different effects of something applied to the experimental group. Disadvantages: It’s too difficult to find respondents with almost similar characteristics. The whole method must be repeated if the desired outcome is not reached.
- 42. Methods of Collecting Data: Its Advantages and Disadvantages Data that are collected by these methods are usually referred to as raw data. Responses out from taped interviews, answered questionnaires, furnished registration forms, recorded observations, and results from an experiment are considered raw data since they are not yet organized and presented in a form ready for interpretation. These data can only be understood if appropriate forms of presentation are adopted.
- 43. VARIABLES QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE • Dependent • Independent • Dichotomous • Trichotomous • Multinomous • Discrete • Continuous DATA SOURCES • Primary • Secondary METHODS • Interview • Questionnaire • Registration • Observation • Experimentation SCALES OF MEASUREMENT • Nominal • Ordinal • Interval • Ratio PRESENTATION • Textual • Tabular • Graphical / Chart • Line Graph • Bar Graph • Pie Graph • Pictograph • Map / Cartogram • Scatter Point Diagram Fig. 1.1 Classification of Variables and Data
- 44. In your own word, what is the uses of Statistics?
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