Instuctor s Solutions Manual for Statistics for Business and Economics 12th Edition Nancy Boudreau

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Instuctor s Solutions Manual for Statistics for Business
and Economics 12th Edition Nancy Boudreau Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Nancy Boudreau
ISBN(s): 9780321836816, 0321836812
Edition: 12
File Details: PDF, 4.17 MB
Language: english

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INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS
MANUAL
NANCY S. BOUDREAU
Bowling Green State University
STATISTICS FOR BUSINESS
AND ECONOMICS
TWELFTH EDITION
James T. McClave
Info Tech, Inc.
University of Florida
P. George Benson
College of Charleston
Terry Sincich
University of South Florida

www.pearsonhighered.com

The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the
development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and
publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation
contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential
damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs.
Reproduced by Pearson from electronic files supplied by the author.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Pearson, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-83681-6
ISBN-10: 0-321-83681-2

1
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1
Statistics, Data, and Statistical Thinking
1.1 Statistics is a science that deals with the collection, classification, analysis, and interpretation of
information or data. It is a meaningful, useful science with a broad, almost limitless scope of applications
to business, government, and the physical and social sciences.
1.2 Descriptive statistics utilizes numerical and graphical methods to look for patterns, to summarize, and to
present the information in a set of data. Inferential statistics utilizes sample data to make estimates,
decisions, predictions, or other generalizations about a larger set of data.
1.3 The four elements of a descriptive statistics problem are:
1. The population or sample of interest. This is the collection of all the units upon which the variable is
measured.
2. One or more variables that are to be investigated. These are the types of data that are to be collected.
3. Tables, graphs, or numerical summary tools. These are tools used to display the characteristic of the
sample or population.
4. Identification of patterns in the data. These are conclusions drawn from what the summary tools
revealed about the population or sample.
1.4 The five elements of an inferential statistical analysis are:
1. The population of interest. The population is a set of existing units.
2. One or more variables that are to be investigated. A variable is a characteristic or property of an
individual population unit.
3. The sample of population units. A sample is a subset of the units of a population.
4. The inference about the population based on information contained in the sample. A statistical
inference is an estimate, prediction, or generalization about a population based on information
contained in a sample.
5. A measure of reliability for the inference. The reliability of an inference is how confident one is that
the inference is correct.
1.5 The first major method of collecting data is from a published source. These data have already been
collected by someone else and are available in a published source. The second method of collecting data is
from a designed experiment. These data are collected by a researcher who exerts strict control over the
experimental units in a study. These data are measured directly from the experimental units. The final
method of collecting data is observational. These data are collected directly from experimental units by
simply observing the experimental units in their natural environment and recording the values of the
desired characteristics. The most common type of observational study is a survey.
1.6 Quantitative data are measurements that are recorded on a meaningful numerical scale. Qualitative data are
measurements that are not numerical in nature; they can only be classified into one of a group of categories.
1.7 A population is a set of existing units such as people, objects, transactions, or events. A variable is a
characteristic or property of an individual population unit such as height of a person, time of a reflex,
amount of a transaction, etc.

Chapter 1
2
1.8 A population is a set of existing units such as people, objects, transactions, or events. A sample is a subset
of the units of a population.
1.9 A representative sample is a sample that exhibits characteristics similar to those possessed by the target
population. A representative sample is essential if inferential statistics is to be applied. If a sample does
not possess the same characteristics as the target population, then any inferences made using the sample
will be unreliable.
1.10 An inference without a measure of reliability is nothing more than a guess. A measure of reliability
separates statistical inference from fortune telling or guessing. Reliability gives a measure of how
confident one is that the inference is correct.
1.11 A population is a set of existing units such as people, objects, transactions, or events. A process is a series
of actions or operations that transform inputs to outputs. A process produces or generates output over time.
Examples of processes are assembly lines, oil refineries, and stock prices.
1.12 Statistical thinking involves applying rational thought processes to critically assess data and inferences
made from the data. It involves not taking all data and inferences presented at face value, but rather
making sure the inferences and data are valid.
1.13 The data consisting of the classifications A, B, C, and D are qualitative. These data are nominal and thus
are qualitative. After the data are input as 1, 2, 3, and 4, they are still nominal and thus qualitative. The
only differences between the two data sets are the names of the categories. The numbers associated with
the four groups are meaningless.
1.14 Answers will vary. First, number the elements of the population from 1 to 200,000. Using MINITAB,
generate 10 numbers on the interval from 1 to 200,000, eliminating any duplicates.
The 10 numbers selected for the random sample are:
135075
89127
189226
83899
112367
191496
110021
44853
42091
198461
Elements with the above numbers are selected for the sample.
1.15 a. The experimental unit for this study is a single-family residential property in Arlington, Texas.
b. The variables measured are the sale price and the Zillow estimated value. Both of these variables are
quantitative.
c. If these 2,045 properties were all the properties sold in Arlington, Texas in the past 6 months, then
this would be considered the population.
d. If these 2,045 properties represent a sample, then the population would be all the single-family
residential properties sold in the last 6 months in Arlington, Texas.

3
e. No. The real estate market across the United States varies greatly. The prices of single-family
residential properties in this small area are probably not representative of all properties across the
United States.
1.16 a. The experimental unit for this study is an NFL quarterback.
b. The variables measured in this study include draft position, NFL winning ratio, and QB production
score. Since the draft position was put into 3 categories, it is a qualitative variable. The NFL winning
ratio and the QB production score are both quantitative.
c. Since we want to project the performance of future NFL QBs, this would be an application of
inferential statistics.
1.17 a. The population of interest is all citizens of the United States.
b. The variable of interest is the view of each citizen as to whether the president is doing a good or bad
job. It is qualitative.
c. The sample is the 2000 individuals selected for the poll.
d. The inference of interest is to estimate the proportion of all U.S. citizens who believe the president is
doing a good job.
e. The method of data collection is a survey.
f. It is not very likely that the sample will be representative of the population of all citizens of the
United States. By selecting phone numbers at random, the sample will be limited to only those
people who have telephones. Also, many people share the same phone number, so each person
would not have an equal chance of being contacted. Another possible problem is the time of day the
calls are made. If the calls are made in the evening, those people who work in the evening would not
be represented.
1.18 a. High school GPA is a number usually between 0.0 and 4.0. Therefore, it is quantitative.
b. Honors/awards would have responses that name things. Therefore, it would be qualitative.
c. The scores on the SAT's are numbers between 200 and 800. Therefore, it is quantitative.
d. Gender is either male or female. Therefore, it is qualitative.
e. Parent's income is a number: $25,000, $45,000, etc. Therefore, it is quantitative.
f. Age is a number: 17, 18, etc. Therefore, it is quantitative.
1.19 I. Qualitative; the possible responses are yes or no, which are non-numerical.
II. Quantitative; age is measured on a numerical scale, such as 15, 32, etc.
III. Qualitative; the possible responses are “yes” or “no,” which are non-numerical.
IV. Qualitative; the possible responses are laser printer or another type of printer, which are non-
numerical.

Chapter 1
4
V. Qualitative; the speeds can be classified as slower, unchanged, or faster, which are non-
numerical.
VI. Quantitative; the number of people in a household who have used Windows 95 at least once is
measured on a numerical scale, such as 0, 1, 2, etc.
1.20 a. For question 1, the data collected would be qualitative. The possible response would be “yes” or
“no”.
For question 2, the data collected would be quantitative. The responses would be numbers such as 0,
1, 2, etc.
For question 3, the data collected would be qualitative. The possible responses would be “yes” or
“no”.
b. The data collected from the 1,066 adults would be a sample. These adults would only be a part of all
adults in the United States.
1.21 a. Whether the data collected on the chief executive officers at the 500 largest U. S. companies is a
population or a sample depends on what one is interested in. If one is only interested in the
information from the CEO’s of the 500 largest U.S. companies, then these data form a population. If
one is interested in the information on CEO’s from all U.S. firms, then these data would form a
sample.
b. 1. The industry type of the CEO’s company is a qualitative variable. The industry type is a name.
2. The CEO’s total compensation is a meaningful number. Thus, it is a quantitative variable.
3. The CEO’s total compensation over the previous five years is a meaningful number. Thus, it is
a quantitative variable.
4. The number of company stock shares (millions) held is a meaningful number. Thus, it is a
quantitative variable.
5. The CEO’s age is a meaningful number. Thus, it is a quantitative variable.
6. The CEO’s efficiency rating is a meaningful number. Thus, it is a quantitative variable.
1.22 a. The population of interest is the status of computer crime at all United States businesses and
government agencies.
b. The method of data collection was a survey. Since not all of those who were sent a survey
responded, the sample was self-selected. The results are probably not representative of the
population. Usually, those who respond to surveys have very strong opinions, either positive or
negative.
c. The variable of interest is whether or not the firm or agency had unauthorized use of its computer
systems during the year. Since the response would be either yes or no, the variable would be
qualitative.
d. If the sample was representative, we could infer that approximately 41% of all U. S. corporations and
government agencies experienced unauthorized use of their computer systems during the year.
1.23 Since the data collected consist of the entire population, this would represent a descriptive study. Flaherty
used the data to help describe the condition of the U.S. Treasury in 1861.

5
1.24 This study would be an example of inferential statistics. The researchers collected data over 2 years.
Using this information, the researchers are projecting or making inferences about what will happen in the
future.
1.25 a. The population of interest is all individuals who earned MBA degrees since January 1990.
b. The method of data collection was a survey.
c. This is probably not a representative sample. The sample was self-selected. Not all of those who
were selected for the study responded to all four surveys. Those who did respond to all 4 surveys
probably have very strong opinions, either positive or negative, which may not be representative of
all of those in the population.
1.26 a. The population of interest is all CPA firms.
b. A survey was used to collect the data.
c. This sample was probably not representative. Not all of those selected to be in the sample responded.
In fact, only 992 of the 23,500 people who were sent the survey responded. Generally, those who do
respond to surveys have very strong opinions, either positive or negative. These may not be the
opinions of all CPA firms.
d. Since the sample may not be representative, the inferences drawn in the study may not be valid.
1.27 a. Length of maximum span can take on values such as 15 feet, 50 feet, 75 feet, etc. Therefore, it is
quantitative.
b. The number of vehicle lanes can take on values such as 2, 4, etc. Therefore, it is quantitative.
c. The answer to this item is yes or no, which is not numeric. Therefore, it is qualitative.
d. Average daily traffic could take on values such as 150 vehicles, 3,579 vehicles, 53,295 vehicles, etc.
Therefore, it is quantitative.
e. Condition can take on values good, fair, or poor, which are not numeric. Therefore, it is
qualitative.
f. The length of the bypass or detour could take on values such as 1 mile, 4 miles, etc. Therefore, it is
quantitative.
g. Route type can take on values interstate, U.S., state, county, or city, which are not numeric.
Therefore, it is qualitative.
1.28 a. The variable of interest to the researchers is the rating of highway bridges.
b. Since the rating of a bridge can be categorized as one of three possible values, it is qualitative.
c. The data set analyzed is a population since all highway bridges in the U.S. were categorized.
d. The data were collected observationally. Each bridge was observed in its natural setting.

Chapter 1
6
1.29 a. The process being studied is the distribution of pipes, valves, and fittings to the refining, chemical,
and petrochemical industries by the Wallace Company of Houston.
b. The variables of interest are the speed of the deliveries, the accuracy of the invoices, and the quality
of the packaging of the products.
c. The sampling plan was to monitor a subset of current customers by sending out a questionnaire twice
a year and asking the customers to rate the speed of the deliveries, the accuracy of the invoices, and
the quality of the packaging minutes. The sample is the total numbers of questionnaires received.
d. The Wallace Company's immediate interest is learning about the delivery process of its distribution
of pipes, valves, and fittings. To do this, it is measuring the speed of deliveries, the accuracy of the
invoices, and the quality of its packaging from the sample of its customers to make an inference
about the delivery process to all customers. In particular, it might use the mean speed of its deliveries
to the sampled customers to estimate the mean speed of its deliveries to all its customers. It might
use the mean accuracy of its invoices from the sampled customers to estimate the mean accuracy of
its invoices of all its customers. It might use the mean rating of the quality of its packaging from the
sampled customers to estimate the mean rating of the quality of its packaging of all its customers.
e. Several factors might affect the reliability of the inferences. One factor is the set of customers
selected to receive the survey. If this set is not representative of all the customers, the wrong
inferences could be made. Also, the set of customers returning the surveys may not be representative
of all its customers. Again, this could influence the reliability of the inferences made.
1.30 a. The population of interest would be the set of all students. The sample of interest would be the
students participating in the experiment. The variable measured in this study is whether the student
would spend money on repairing a very old car or not.
b. The data-collection method used was a designed experiment. The students participating in the
experiment were randomly assigned to one of three emotional states and then asked a question.
c. The researcher could estimate the proportion of all students in each of the three emotional states who
would spend money to repair a very old car.
d. One factor that might affect the reliability of the inference drawn is whether the students in the
experiment were representative of all students. It is stated that the sample was made up of volunteer
students. Chances are that these volunteer students were not representative of all students. In
addition, if these students were all from the same school, they probably would not be representative
of the population of students either.
1.31 a. The population of interest would be all accounting alumni of a large southwestern university.
b. Age would produce quantitative data – the responses would be numbers.
Gender would produce qualitative data – the responses would be ‘male’ or ‘female’.
Level of education would produce qualitative data – the responses could be categories such college
degree, master’s degree, or PhD degree.
Income would produce quantitative data – the responses would be numbers.
Job satisfaction score would produce quantitative data. We would assume that a satisfaction score
would be a number, where the higher the number, the higher the job satisfaction.
Machiavellian rating score would produce quantitative data. We would assume that a rating score

7
would be a number, where the higher the score, the higher the Machiavellian traits.
c. The sample is the 198 people who returned the useable questionnaires.
d. The data collection method used was a survey.
e. The inference made by the researcher is that Machiavellian behavior is not required to achieve
success in the accounting profession.
f. Generally, those who respond to surveys are those with strong feelings (in either direction) toward the
subject matter. Those who do not have strong feelings for the subject matter tend not to answer
surveys. Those who did not respond might be those who are not real happy with their jobs or those
who are not real unhappy with their jobs. Thus, we might have no idea what type of scores these
people would have on the Machiavellian rating score.
1.32 a. Give each stock in the NYSE-Composite Transactions table of the Wall Street Journal a number (1 to
m). Using a random number table or a computer program, select n different numbers on the interval
from 1 to m. The stocks with the same numbers as the n chosen numbers will be selected for the
sample.
1.33 a. The experimental units for this study are engaged couples who used a particular website.
b. There are two variables of interest – the price of the engagement ring and the level of appreciation.
Price of the engagement ring is a quantitative variable because it is measured on a numerical scale.
Level of appreciation is a qualitative variable. There are 7 different categories for this variable that
are then assigned numbers.
c. The population of interest would be all engaged couples.
d. No, the sample is probably not representative. Only engaged couples who used a particular web site
were eligible to be in the sample. Then, only those with “average” American names were invited to
be in the sample.
e. Answers will vary. First, we will number the individuals from 1 to 50. Using MINITAB, 25 random
numbers were generated on the interval from 1 to 50. The random numbers are:
1, 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 26, 27, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 49
The individuals who were assigned the numbers corresponding to the above numbers would be
assigned to one role and the remaining individuals would be assigned to the other role.
1.34 Answers will vary. Using MINITAB, the 5 seven-digit phone numbers generated with area code 373 were:
373-639-0598
373-411-9164
373-502-7699
373-782-2719
373-930-3231
1.35 a. Some possible questions are:
1. In your opinion, why has the banking industry consolidated in the past few years? Check all
that apply.
a. Too many small banks with not enough capital.

Chapter 1
8
b. A result of the Savings and Loan scandals.
c. To eliminate duplicated resources in the upper management positions.
d. To provide more efficient service to the customers.
e. To provide a more complete list of financial opportunities for the customers.
f. Other. Please list.
2. Using a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 means strongly disagree and 5 means strongly agree,
indicate your agreement to the following statement: The trend of consolidation in the banking
industry will continue in the next five years.
1 strongly disagree 2 disagree 3 no opinion 4 agree 5 strongly agree
b. The population of interest is the set of all bank presidents in the United States.
c. It would be extremely difficult and costly to obtain information from all bank presidents. Thus, it
would be more efficient to sample just 200 bank presidents. However, by sending the questionnaires
to only 200 bank presidents, one risks getting the results from a sample which is not representative of
the population. The sample must be chosen in such a way that the results will be representative of the
entire population of bank presidents in order to be of any use.
1.36 a. The process being studied is the process of filling beverage cans with soft drink at CCSB's Wakefield
plant.
b. The variable of interest is the amount of carbon dioxide added to each can of beverage.
c. The sampling plan was to monitor five filled cans every 15 minutes. The sample is the total number
of cans selected.
d. The company's immediate interest is learning about the process of filling beverage cans with soft
drink at CCSB's Wakefield plant. To do this, they are measuring the amount of carbon dioxide added
to a can of beverage to make an inference about the process of filling beverage cans. In particular,
they might use the mean amount of carbon dioxide added to the sampled cans of beverage to estimate
the mean amount of carbon dioxide added to all the cans on the process line.
e. The technician would then be dealing with a population. The cans of beverage have already been
processed. He/she is now interested in the outputs.
1.37 a. The population of interest is the set of all people in the United States over 14 years of age.
b. The variable being measured is the employment status of each person. This variable is qualitative.
Each person is either employed or not.
c. The problem of interest to the Census Bureau is inferential. Based on the information contained in
the sample, the Census Bureau wants to estimate the percentage of all people in the labor force who
are unemployed.
1.38 Suppose we want to select 900 intersections by numbering the intersections from 1 to 500,000. We would
then use a random number table or a random number generator from a software program to select 900
distinct intersection points. These would then be the sampled markets.
Now, suppose we want to select the 900 intersections by selecting a row from the 500 and a column from
the 1,000. We would first number the rows from 1 to 500 and number the columns from 1 to 1,000. Using
a random number generator, we would generate a sample of 900 from the 500 rows. Obviously, many rows
will be selected more than once. At the same time, we use a random number generator to select 900

9
columns from the 1,000 columns. Again, some of the columns could be selected more than once. Placing
these two sets of random numbers side-by-side, we would use the row-column combinations to select the
intersections. For example, suppose the first row selected was 453 and the first column selected was 731.
The first intersection selected would be row 453, column 731. This process would be continued until 900
unique intersections were selected.
1.39 Answers will vary.
a. The results as stated indicate that by eating oat bran, one can improve his/her health. However, the
only way to get the stated benefit is to eat only oat bran with limited results. People may change their
eating habits expecting an outcome that is almost impossible.
b. To investigate the impact of domestic violence on birth defects, one would need to collect data on all
kinds of birth defects and whether the mother suffered any domestic violence or not during her
pregnancy. One could use an observational study survey to collect the data.
c. Very few people are always happy with the way they are. However, many people are happy with
themselves most of the time. One might want to ask a series of questions to measure self-esteem
rather than just one. One question might ask what percent of the time the high school girl is happy
with the way she is.
d. The results of the study are probably misleading because of the fact that if someone relied on a
limited number of foods to feed her children it does not imply that the children are hungry. In
addition, one might cut the size of a meal because the children were overweight, not because there
was not enough food. One might get better information about the proportion of hungry American
children by actually recording what a large, representative sample of children eat in a week.
e. A leading question gives information that seems to be true, but may not be complete. Based on the
incomplete information, the respondent may come to a different decision than if the information was
not provided.

10
Chapter 2
Methods for Describing Sets of Data
2.1 First, we find the frequency of the grade A. The sum of the frequencies for all five grades must be 200.
Therefore, subtract the sum of the frequencies of the other four grades from 200. The frequency for grade
A is:
200  (36 + 90 + 30 + 28) = 200  184 = 16
To find the relative frequency for each grade, divide the frequency by the total sample size, 200. The
relative frequency for the grade B is 36/200 = .18. The rest of the relative frequencies are found in a
similar manner and appear in the table:
Grade on Statistics Exam Frequency Relative Frequency
A: 90 100 16 .08
B: 80  89 36 .18
C: 65  79 90 .45
D: 50  64 30 .15
F: Below 50 28 .14
Total 200 1.00
2.2 a. To find the frequency for each class, count the number of times each letter occurs. The frequencies
for the three classes are:
Class Frequency
X 8
Y 9
Z 3
Total 20
b. The relative frequency for each class is found by dividing the frequency by the total sample size. The
relative frequency for the class X is 8/20 = .40. The relative frequency for the class Y is 9/20 = .45.
The relative frequency for the class Z is 3/20 = .15.
Class Frequency Relative Frequency
X 8 .40
Y 9 .45
Z 3 .15
Total 20 1.00

Methods for Describing Sets of Data 11
c. The frequency bar chart is:
Cla s s
Frequency
Z
Y
X
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
d. The pie chart for the frequency distribution is:
15.0%
Z
45.0%
Y
40.0%
X
Category
X
Y
Z
Pie Chart of Class
2.3 a. The type of graph is a bar graph.
b. The variable measured for each of the robots is type of robotic limbs.
c. From the graph, the design used the most is the “legs only” design.
d. The relative frequencies are computed by dividing the frequencies by the total sample size. The total
sample size is n = 106. The relative frequencies for each of the categories are:
Type of Limbs Frequency Relative Frequency
None 15 15/106 = .142
Both 8 8 / 106 = .075
Legs ONLY 63 63/106 = .594
Wheels ONLY 20 20/106 = .189
Total 106 1.000

12 Chapter 2
e. Using MINITAB, the Pareto diagram is:
Type
Relative
Frequency
Both
None
Wheels
Legs
.60
.50
.40
.30
.20
.10
0
Percent within all data.
2.4 a. From the pie chart, 50.4% or .504 of the sampled adults living in the U.S. use the internet and pay to
download music. From the data, 506 out of 1,003 adults or 506/1,003 = .504 of sampled adults in the
U.S. use the internet and pay to download music. These two results agree.
b. Using MINITAB, a pie chart of the data is:
33.0%
No Pay
67.0%
Pay
Category
Pay
No Pay
Pie Chart of Download-Music

2.5 Using MINITAB, the Pareto diagram for the data is:
Tenants
Percent
Anchor
Major
Large
SmallStandard
Small
50
40
30
20
10
0
Chart of Tenants
Percent within all data.
Most of the tenants in UK shopping malls are small or small standard. They account for approximately
84% of all tenants ([711 + 819]/1,821 = .84). Very few (less than 1%) of the tenants are anchors.
2.6 a. The relative frequency for each response category is found by dividing the frequency by the
total sample size. The relative frequency for the category “Insurance Companies” is
869/2119 = .410. The rest of the relative frequencies are found in a similar manner and are reported
in the table.
Most responsible for rising
health-care costs Number responding Relative Frequencies
Insurance companies 869 869/2119 = .410
Pharmaceutical companies 339 339/2119 = .160
Government 338 338/2119 = .160
Hospitals 127 127/2119 = .060
Physicians 85 85/2119 = .040
Other 128 128/2119 = .060
Not at all sure 233 233/2119 = .110
TOTAL 2,119 1.000

14 Chapter 2
b. Using MINITAB, the relative frequency bar chart is:
Category
Count
Not sure
Other
Physicians
Hospitals
Government
Pharm
Insurance Co
40
30
20
10
0
Chart of Category
c. Using MINITAB, the Pareto diagram is:
Category
Relative
Frequency
Physicians
Other
Hospitals
Not sure
Pharm
Government
Insurance Co.
.40
.30
.20
.10
0
Chart of Category
Most American adults in the sample (41%) believe that the Insurance companies are the most
responsible for the rising costs of health care. The next highest categories are Government and
Pharmaceutical companies with about 16% each. Only 4% of American adults in the sample believe
physicians are the most responsible for the rising health care costs.
2.7 a. Since the variable measured is manufacturer, the data type is qualitative.

b. Using MINITAB, a frequency bar chart for the data is:
Manufacturer
Frequency
Urmet
Toshiba
SZZT
Provenco
Pax
Tech
Omron
KwangWoo
EIntelligent
Glintt
Fujian
Landi
CyberNet
Bitel
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
Number Shipped
c. Using MINITAB, the Pareto diagram is:
Manufacturer
Frequency
Urmet
EIntelligent
Glintt
Pax
Tech
Toshiba
Bitel
CyberNet
Provenco
Omron
KwangWoo
SZZT
Fujian
Landi
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
Number Shipped
Most PIN pads shipped in 2007 were manufactured by either Fujian Landi or SZZT Electronics.
These two categories make up (119,000 + 67,300)/334,039= 186,300/334,039 = .558 of all PIN pads
shipped in 2007. Urmet shipped the fewest number of PIN pads among these 12 manufacturers.

16 Chapter 2
2.8 Using MINITAB, the bar graphs of the 2 waves is:
Job Status
Percent
Sch
NoWorkGrad
NoWorkBusSch
WorkMBA
WorkNoMBA
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Sch
NoWorkGrad
NoWorkBusSch
WorkMBA
WorkNoMBA
1 2
Panel variable: Wave; Percent within all data.
Chart of Job Status
In wave 1, most of those taking the GMAT were working (2657/3244 =.819) and none had MBA’s. About
20% were not working but were in either a 4-year institution or other graduate school ([36 + 551]/3244 =
.181). In wave 2, almost all were now working ([1787 + 1372]/3244 = .974). Of those working, more than
half had MBA’s (1787/[1787 + 1372] = .566). Of those not working, most were in another graduate
school.
2.9 Using MINITAB, the pie chart is:
15.4%
Not Identified
11.5%
Third Party
34.6%
Employees
38.5%
Company
Category
Company
Employees
Third Party
Not Identified
Pie Chart of Percent vs Blog/Forum
Companies and Employees represent (38.5 + 34.6 = 73.1) slightly more than 73% of the entities creating
blogs/forums. Third parties are the least common entity.

2.10 Using MINITAB, a bar chart of the data is:
Industries with the highest frequencies include Oil Gas Operations, Retailing, Drugs biotechnologies,
and Health care equipment. Industries with the smallest frequencies include Business Services,
Construction, Banking, and Consumer Durables.
2.11 a. Using MINITAB, a pie chart of the data is:
NEVER
USED
Category
USED
28.8%
NEVER
71.2%
Pie Chart of PREVUSE
From the chart, 71.2% or .712 of the sampled physicians have never used ethics consultation.
IN
DU
STRY
Count
Utilities
Transportation
Telecommunications
s
Technology
Hardware
Software

Services
Semiconductors
Retailing
Oil

Gas
Operations
Media
Materials
Insurance
Household

personal
Hotels,
Restaurants
Health
care
equipmen
Food
Drink

tobacco
Drugs

biotechnolog
Diversified
Financia
Consumer
Durables
Construction
Conglomerates
Chemicals
Capital
Goods
Business
Services

Banking
Aerospace

Defense
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Chartof INDUSTRY

18 Chapter 2
b. Using MINITAB, a pie chart of the data is:
NO
YES
Category
YES
80.5%
NO
19.5%
Pie Chart of FUTUREUSE
From the chart, 19.5% or .195 of the sampled physicians state that they will not use the services in the
future.
c. Using MINITAB, the side-by-side pie charts are:
MED SURG
NEVER
USED
Category
USED
29.3%
NEVER
70.7%
USED
27.9%
NEVER
72.1%
Pie Chart of PREVUSE
Panel variable: SPEC
The proportion of medical practitioners who have never used ethics consultation is .707. The
proportion of surgical practitioners who have never used ethics consultation is .721. These two
proportions are almost the same.

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return it—if indeed it has been stolen—or if it sticks within your
conscience to retain it now, then perhaps I——”
“Nay, nay, Johann Tring,” exclaimed the alchemist emphatically,
“to its rightful owners it shall go. Here I have kept the secret to
myself knowing that the knowledge would tempt you—and indeed
you would not have known now unless the secret had burned so
heavily in my brain.”
“As you will,” said Tring, humoring the alchemist with his
concession, though the purpose in his eyes was of different intent,
“but first let us learn from it at once how to transmute baser metals
into gold; this I am sure we shall do, then we can be independent of
these smirking dogs who rule the universities.”
“Then let our experiments be brief,” said the alchemist. “I have
looked too long upon this glittering thing.”
“You should have told me before.” Tring again adopted the
attitude of a kindly adviser.
“But, in truth,” went on the alchemist, “I doubt if we can wring
that secret from the crystal. I have now an opinion, though perhaps
a wrong one, that the crystal only gives us back our own thoughts.
We may not call upon it as upon some friendly spirit to tell us what
we do not know—we may not wish and have our wishes fulfilled. I
begin to doubt it all.” Here he rose to his feet and began to stride
about the floor. “It is already having a bad influence upon me. I
cannot see straightly in the world of men as once I did. When I have
looked into it for minutes and minutes my thoughts come back to
me crookedly, and while I have taken much interest in such
contemplation, I find that there is too deadly a fascination in gazing
into those crystal depths. I have, as I said, found much of interest,
and were I alone in the world, I might even pursue these studies to
the very limits of human thought, but I sometimes feel as if my very
soul were getting caught in the rays of that bright thing.”
“Might I ask,” inquired Tring, unable to restrain his curiosity
longer, “how the crystal came into your possession?”

“It was like this”—the alchemist willingly relieved his mind of the
secret that he had been bearing alone. “That night when the thieves
came here some time ago I entertained them for a bit with some
Greek fire and niter.”
“Yes?”
“It seems that the crystal was at that time in the possession of
the family in the rooms below ours.”
“What! The trumpeter and the boy who bear the name Kovalski?”
“Yes, though that is not their name. They are Charnetskis and
lived formerly in the Ukraine.”
“I see—and the thieves? Tartars and Cossacks who followed them
perhaps from the Dnieper country?”
“Yes, the crystal was actually in the hands of the leader when I
surprised him with an explosive powder. In the surprise and pain
occasioned by my attack he dropped the crystal—the powder blazed
about his face and burned his hair—the crystal rolled upon the floor
and I pounced upon it.”
“But how had it come into the possession of the Charnetski
family?” asked Tring eagerly.
“It was in this fashion. When the Tartars devastated the Polish
country in the thirteenth century the village that stood where now is
Tarnov was inhabited by the Charnetskis, among others, of course.
It was Andrew Charnetski of that day who performed heroic feats in
the defense of the city against the Tartars, and to him was
presented for safe-keeping the great crystal which has come to be
known as the Great Tarnov Crystal. It was the chief ornament of the
old town, and even kings had come there to see it. For besides its
qualities as a thing of rare value and beauty, it had those reputed
properties you have mentioned: that a man who looked into it might
there read the secrets of the past and the future; that he might find
out the intimate thoughts of other men and women; that he might
learn to overcome the elements, to fly through the air like a bird, to

walk invisibly, to transmute base metals into gold. In those times no
man was allowed to look more than three minutes upon it, for even
in three minutes a man might find his head swimming and curious
thoughts coming into his brain.”
“But how did the Charnetskis save it from the Tartars?”
“They fled with it to the Carpathian Mountains and remained
there until Batu the Tartar was forced to return to the land of the
Golden Horde. Then as it passed from eldest son to eldest son, it
went to an ancestor of this Andrew Charnetski who settled in the
Ukraine after the country had been put under Polish dominion in the
days of Vladislas Jagiello. Of course the name Andrew Charnetski is
by no means an uncommon one throughout Poland, so little did I
think when this man came into the humble lodgings below that he
belonged to the Charnetski family which had possession of the
Tarnov Crystal.”
“Did he tell you his story?”
“Yes. On the day after the crystal disappeared, he made a
confidant of me as one already acquainted with his name and a part
of his history.”
“But you had heard of the crystal before?”
“What alchemist has not?” he answered. “I knew that it was
brought in early days to Egypt from somewhere in the East, and
there it stood in a temple for many centuries. When the Romans
conquered Egypt, the crystal was taken to Rome. During the years
when the Romans were colonizing the lands around the Black Sea a
certain Roman officer fell in love with a woman of Transylvania, and
being sent there with a legion, stole for her this crystal from a
temple in Rome. When his crime was discovered the Emperor sent a
detachment of soldiers to bring him back, but he fled to the district
which is now Halicz, but which went then under the Roman name
Galicia. There he lived with his wife under an assumed name, in a
remote village later known as Tarnov, and there the crystal remained
up to the time that it passed into the hands of the Charnetskis.

Around it grew up a sect of sorcerers, magicians, practicers of the
Black Art, astrologers, and alchemists—some sincere, others mere
charlatans.”
“Surely there have been many attempts to steal the crystal from
the Charnetskis?”
“Only one. It seems that men, even alchemists and astrologers,
lost for a time the thread of its history, and it was only when a
runaway servant of Andrew Charnetski spread the news in the East
that it was in his possession that an attempt was made to find it.
That attempt, as you know, cost Pan Andrew his house and property
in the Ukraine. Who it is that is inciting these robbers I know not,
but I have no doubt that the leader of the band was in the pay of
some person in high authority.”
“Would the robbers taken prisoners say nothing?”
“No, they did not know all, I believe. And like most Tartars they
would rather die than betray a secret. Torture could not wring it out
of them.”
“Does Pan Andrew suspect that you have the crystal?”
“Pan Andrew considers me his friend. And at heart I am ashamed
and sick that I have not restored it before now.”
“But think. If it had not been for you, the Cossack would have
escaped with the crystal and it would have been lost forever.”
“I know it. Yet that is no justification for me. I stole it if a thief
ever stole anything. When I first saw it that night on the floor of Pan
Andrew’s lodging I would have exchanged my chance of heaven for
its possession. When I had obtained it, and the attention of the
crowd in the court below was turned to the robbers and to the man
escaping over the roofs, I brought it here to the loft, under my coat.”
“You did well,” said Tring, the wildest impulses of excitement
leaping within him. “Look—look at the crystal. It glows and dances
and quivers like a thing alive, ready to tell its secrets. Quick, draw
your chair near to it as you used to draw your chair to me when I

was the master of your trances. Gaze deeply into it”—he fixed the
hesitating alchemist with his eyes as a serpent might fix a helpless
bird—“and now let us try the greatest experiment of all.”
The alchemist pulled his chair close to the crystal as he was bid,
and fixed his eyes upon it. Tring watched him closely from a
distance. One minute—two minutes—three—the alchemist still
looked at the crystal and Tring regarded him as a cat might regard a
mouse that it was playing with. Four minutes—five. The alchemist
still sat motionless, but his posture in the chair was changing slightly.
His arms and neck seemed to be stiffening, his face was taking on
the look of an entirely different person; his breath came regularly
but in longer and deeper draughts than was his wont. His eyes
became wide open and staring.
“Listen,” Tring’s tone was sharp, commanding.
“I am listening,” the reply came instantly.
Tring trembled with excitement. Not only had the alchemist gone
into this trance more quickly than he, Tring, had ever been able to
send him, but he was still responsive to the student who had feared
lest the agency of the crystal might render Kreutz unresponsive to
him. But Tring had sent him into trances so many times that now his
mind seemed to answer the student’s bidding automatically.
“Tell me what you see.”
“I can see a huge hall like an alchemist’s room, filled with
braziers and glass instruments. In these instruments fluids of fire are
rushing to and fro and near them are great copper kettles out of
which are coming puffs of steam.”
“It is the devil’s workshop that you are in,” said Tring sharply. “Do
you see any men at work?”
There was silence a moment as the alchemist’s consciousness
went roaming through the vast room.
“There is no one here,” he said at length.

“Are there any manuscripts there?” demanded Tring.
Silence again. Then—“Yes, on the wall hangs a parchment.”
“Take it down.”
“It burns my hands.”
“Pay no heed to that. Your reward will be greater than your
pains.”
“It is in my hands.”
Tring glanced involuntarily at the hands of the man in the trance.
Curiously enough they seemed to be turning red as if exposed to a
great heat. “Now read what the parchment says.”
The alchemist replied slowly as if reading, and he spoke in the
Latin tongue, “Here May One Find Things Which Be Neither Good Nor
Evil But Which Are Sought of All Men.”
“Good! Now unroll the parchment.”
There was another silence. At length the alchemist said, “I have
found somewhat.”
“Read!”
“Nay, I may not. It is in symbols.”
“Then write.” Tring deftly slipped a piece of board across his
knees and put into his fingers a kind of pen made of wood and a
feather; this he had dipped into a pot of ink as thick as paint, and he
guided it in the alchemist’s hand until it rested upon a piece of fresh
white parchment that he laid upon the board.
The alchemist wrote as follows:
“What else?”

The alchemist wrote:
“Quod primum incredibile, non continuo falsum est; crebro
siquidem faciem mendacii veritas retinet.”
“No. That’s nothing. Do you find other formulæ?”
The alchemist looked closely and recited as if reading:
“Thus saith Olimpiodorus of Thebes, Osthanes the Egyptian,
Psellos of Byzantium, and Giabr of Arabia: heat the fires upon thy
brazier and place thereon a vessel full of yellow sulphur; this thou
shalt melt until it gives forth a spirit; when the spirit is departed pour
slowly upon the sulphur that quicksilver which has its birth in the
planet Mercury. In but the twinkling of an eye this will be reduced
from its natural state unto a state that is of the earth, black, without
life, dead. Then take this lifeless substance and put it in a closed
vessel; heat it and it will suddenly take on life again and become a
brilliant red.”
“Write it, write it,” exclaimed Tring. The alchemist wrote. “And is
there more?”
“Much. It saith here that this is the secret of the Seven Golden
Chapters, of the Emerald Table, and the Pimander. Natura naturam
superat; deinde vero natura naturae congaudet; tandem natura
naturam continet.”
“No more of that. That is vile philosophy,” shouted Tring. “Find
and write the completion of the Philosopher’s Stone, by which we
may convert brass into gold.”
The alchemist continued:
“Zosimus the Theban directs that this is the true method of
turning brass into gold: To the above heated solution of sulphur and
mercury add that pure niter which men find in the heart of India.
Into this cast brass and it will in a moment change to gold.”
“Quick, to work. Light the braziers and bring out sulphur,
quicksilver, and brass,” commanded Tring. “Have you any of this

Indian niter?”
“I have—a small packet on the third shelf of the closet,”
answered the alchemist. Tring rushed to get it and set all the
materials ready for the experiment. Truly and sincerely did he
believe that the alchemist had hit upon the solution of the much
desired process of changing base metals into gold, and his own lack
of knowledge in the realm of the science of alchemy was responsible
for the ignorance with which he ordered the alchemist to compound
one of the most dangerous chemicals known to man. The alchemist,
on his part, was but acting under the hypnotic suggestion of Tring,
and had no opportunity to interpose his normal-self sense between
the student’s intention and its execution. Indeed the information he
had during the trance came from his own fund of learning, although
the suggestion of adding niter to the heated compound was but a
fancy of a mind grown either tired or weak.
As the student hurried about arranging materials for the
experiment Kreutz sang a Latin hymn which extols the practice of
alchemy and the alchemist:
Inexhaustium fert thesaurum
Qui de virgis fecit aurum
Gemmas de lapidibus.
“Compound the Philosopher’s Stone,” commanded Tring.
The alchemist, still in the trance, arose, and leaned over the
brazier. Something flaky and white and inflammable was tucked
close to the bottom to act as kindling, and a coal brought from a
farther brazier and laid upon this. It turned all black for a minute,
then sizzled into an intense heat and ignited the brazier’s contents.
The flame was at first yellow and creeping, then it changed to blue
and leaping. Kreutz put a vessel filled with sulphur into the flames,
and sure enough in a moment the spirit of the sulphur arose in
fumes that filled the room.

Both leaned over the brazier eagerly as the alchemist shook
mercury over the melted sulphur. As the parchment had decreed, so
the reaction followed; in a short time the glittering mercury had
mingled with the melted sulphur and became an ugly black
substance. Tring handed to Kreutz another vessel which was closed
at the top. Kreutz shook the hot material from the first vessel into
the second and put the latter back on the brazier. In all his motions
he acted mechanically as if he were but working out the will of
another. He opened this second vessel after a few seconds and, sure
enough, the black substance was becoming a lively red.
“The niter; the niter,” exclaimed Tring eagerly at his elbow.
The alchemist took the package from his hands and tossed it into
the substance now seething with heat. As he did so, as if obeying
some unconscious instinct of self-preservation, he leaped back into
the middle of the room and drew Tring with him. The exclamation of
anger on Tring’s lips was cut in half, for at that instant the loft of the
house rocked in a terrific explosion!
“Quick, seize the crystal and descend!” screamed Tring, who was
already speeding through the doorway, frantically wiping sparks of
fire from his clothing.
The exploding substances had sent their flames into the dry roof
and walls of the house, and fire was leaping through them merrily.
Everything in the room was beginning to blaze, and in two minutes
more it would have been impossible to leave. The alchemist, still in a
daze, took the crystal as he had been commanded, and made for
the stairway. The stone gleamed in his hands like a million
diamonds, rubies, and emeralds where the flames fell upon it, and
he clutched it with all the strength of his right hand as he clung to
the stair rail with his left, now swaying out over the court like a
drunken man, now regaining his hold and descending another stair.
But the student had been more nimble, and by the time that the
alchemist had descended to the third floor of the house, Johann was
down the stairs and through the gate, calling with all his might for
the watch to notify the water master that the house above him was

in flames. No watch was in sight and so he sought one at full speed,
and while he was searching, Pan Kreutz had reached the open door
and disappeared in the night, the Great Tarnov Crystal hidden under
the folds of his black gown.
But behind him the flames had eaten through the roof of his
house and had leaped to the adjoining house. In a few minutes they
had bounded clear across an open court near by, and had laid hold
of one of the pensions of the university. The wind then veering
swept the flames in a seething mass in the direction of the great
Rynek, and in less than fifteen minutes after the flight of the two
men from the loft of the building, the university section of Krakow
was in the grip of a terrible conflagration that threatened to devour
the whole city.

S
CHAPTER XIV
A GREAT FIRE RAGES
ince earliest times Krakow was divided into four sections—
the Castle Quarter, the Potters’ Quarter, the Butchers’ Quarter,
and the Slavkov. At the head of each of these districts was a
quartermaster who was responsible for everything that went on in
his district, the fighting of fires being one of his chief concerns.
Therefore the watchman from one of the streets that lay in the
districts threatened by the fire went pounding at the gate of the
quartermaster’s house, shouting “Fire” at the top of his lungs in
order to send the servants flying to the master. In a short time the
quartermaster was up and dressed, and had sent summons to the
water master who had charge of the town reservoir and aqueducts.
The bell meanwhile began to sound clamorously from the tower
of the Church of Our Lady Mary, for the watchman there had caught
sight of the flames. Cries of “fire” were now being echoed from all
sections of the city, and in the red glare which was beginning to
illumine all the grim Gothic buildings and churches, a very tumult of
confusion was arising. The water master had already set his
machinery in motion and drummers were pounding away at their
drums in all the city streets in order to awaken the merchants and
their apprentices upon whom fell the burden of fighting the flames.
All the town guilds were assembling, companies of servants from the
palaces were filling buckets of water and taking positions on the
roofs of their own houses, and all citizens were busily getting down
from the wall, hooks and axes and pails such as the law required
them to keep for such emergencies.

A fire of any size in Krakow was a serious thing in those days, for
there were hundreds upon hundreds of wooden and part-wooden
houses clustered together in the thickly populated streets. In the
section about the old university the majority of dwellings were very
ancient, dry, and cobwebbed everywhere, and a single spark upon
their roofs was enough to turn them in exceedingly rapid fashion
into belching furnaces of flame and smoke. As the fire raced through
these streets, the inhabitants poured out in panic-stricken confusion;
each building was literally teeming with life, and the whole scene,
viewed from above, would have resembled a huge ant hill suddenly
destroyed or burned out by a careful gardener.
Women and children came out rushing and shrieking. Black-robed
students dashed through the streets with manuscripts and
parchments in their hands; others came carrying glass tubes or
astrolabes or metal dividers; frantic domestics ran here and there
with no definite refuge in view save only to escape the heat and
terror of the ever-spreading flames. The streets were rapidly filling
with furniture, clothing, beds, and personal possessions of every
variety, hurled out of casements by desperate owners—and some of
this material in the streets had already caught fire from the sparks
which were descending like rain in a spring thunderstorm, making
the lot of the fugitives even more unendurable. Inside some of the
courts those who had preserved presence of mind were combating
the fire with much vigor; tubs of water and pails were being pressed
into action, and burning walls were already being hauled down.
The water master had marshaled a line of water carts which
extended from the burning buildings to the aqueduct; these water
carts were usually drawn by horses, and some of them were on this
night, but there had been difficulty in getting enough horses quickly,
and men and boys were harnessed into the shafts. At the aqueduct
men were busy filling the carts with water; as each cart was filled it
moved on some little distance to the fire, and there being emptied,
swung about into another street and returned to the aqueduct for
another filling. The nearest section of the aqueduct was about an
eighth of a mile from the point where the fire started.

Forces of men armed with hooks and axes were sent out by the
water master to surround the district where the flames were
reaching, for the rapid spread of the fire had made it apparent at an
early stage that very little could be saved in the university area.
These men were under orders to demolish any building that seemed
to offer a chance for a further spread of the blaze, whether the fire
had already reached it or not. One detachment formed a line in front
of the Church of the Franciscans, another on St. Ann’s Street, and
another on Bracka. All these detachments were forced to retreat,
however, as the fire ate its way out of the district where it had
started. The Rynek was the scene of a turbulent mob which had
struggled from the burning section in the Street of the Pigeons, and
every open space was quickly filled with rescued goods. Two families
had even taken possession of the platform where the town pillory
stood and children were being put to sleep there by mothers
thankful to find a place of rest.
Amid all this uproar, an elderly woman, a boy, a girl, and a dog
were fighting their way through the Street of the Pigeons amidst the
débris of furniture and personal belongings that had been thrown
from windows. They had all been sleeping when the fire broke out,
and not having been roused until the flames were all about them,
had been able to rescue nothing but themselves and the clothes
which they wore. The boy was Joseph, the girl, Elzbietka, and the
woman the wife of Pan Andrew. Wolf, cut loose by Joseph, was the
most terror-stricken of the group, but he followed after them,
submissive and obedient, not knowing exactly what he was expected
to do.
Each of them was busy with separate thoughts as they fought
their way through the disorder. Joseph was ever figuring the quickest
route out of the burning district, and this was no easy task, since the
fire was playing so many tricks. It was not marching ahead in a
straight wall of flame but was whirling about, leaping here and
there, skipping this house and fastening upon that, advancing,
retreating, spreading to the flanks, all with terrific speed and
unexpected vivacity. Sometimes the two roofs just above the heads

of the fugitives would shoot up in flames—passing these with great
peril, they would find that the fire was now behind them and rejoice
at the breath of air that fell upon them; then suddenly without
warning the roof of a building just ahead would belch forth smoke
and flame as if the fire demon were working invisibly, and this new
peril must be passed.
At length they reached the place where the Street of the Pigeons
is cut by a cross lane, known to-day as Wislna Street, but this lane
was already full of smoking beams and fallen timbers; escape that
way was impossible. There was nothing to do but to push on
through the Street of the Pigeons where it curves to meet Bracka.
Elzbietka was wondering most of all about her uncle; there had
been no answer to their hurried calls when they left the doomed
house, and, besides, the loft was glowing in red and purple flames
of such intensity that no person alive could have been there at that
time. Joseph’s mother was thinking of the father, wondering if he
had left his post at the church to come to his family’s aid, and
wondering, too, if they could reach him at the tower before he
began to suffer too much from anxiety concerning them.
The houses were a little higher in this portion of the street and
there was therefore more cool air, in the lower reaches. The fire was
still whirling along here but was not taking hold quite so fast as it
had done down below, and consequently the fugitives made better
progress. The only difficulty was the ever-increasing crowd that now
swept in from three directions, making it hard for the three to keep
together. Finally they locked arms and literally fought their way
through the crowd. All about them the scenes were heart-rending,
men and women fleeing with but few possessions from the only
homes they had ever known, children lost in the mad scramble who
set up shrill cries and tried to keep their feet as the crowd pushed
ahead. Sick persons were brought into that raging torrent of
humanity, carried on the shoulders of their relatives or perhaps
stretched upon cots. Here was one old man who sat astride a young

fellow’s neck like Anchises on the back of Æneas fleeing from the
burning city of Ilium.
At length they stood where the fire had not reached, much more
fortunate in that than many other people that night. Joseph waited
only until they caught their breath, though he, too, felt like throwing
himself down upon the ground and resting, and then started forward
again through Bracka in the direction of the Rynek. In his heart he
hoped that when he had settled Elzbietka and his mother in the
tower where his father was on duty, he might come back with the
apprentices and help fight the fire, for there is that in a youth which
draws him into such fighting. As they went along Bracka he heard
the sound of horses’ hoofs from the direction of the Wawel.
“Wait,” he said, drawing the women back on a footpath, “here
come soldiers from the castle to preserve order.”
He spoke truly, for the next moment a great troop of cavalry
wearing mail armor and carrying spears rode into Bracka Street from
below and began to deploy in lines that marked the district
immediately threatened by fire. A few minutes later foot soldiers and
artisans began to appear and, joining with the watch, pulled down
buildings at the edge of the fire. Siege machinery was also drawn up
into Bracka and the buildings just outside the reach of the fire began
to crumble under its pounding.
“This will prevent the spread of the flames,” thought Joseph.
They went ahead again toward the church, but while they were
still in the Rynek they saw a company of soldiers dragging forward a
prisoner whom they had taken in the burning district.
“A thief,” said the boy.
“Bless us,” exclaimed the mother. “It is not possible that men
could be so cruel as to steal from poor folk driven mad with terror.”
As the company came near and the torches fell upon the face of
the prisoner, Joseph let out a cry of amazement.

“Why, mother, that is Peter of the Button Face, the leader of the
men that attacked our house. That is the man who met us on the
first day we were in Krakow. He it was who tried to make us
prisoners in the church tower. . . . See how he struggles—but they
are holding him tight for all that. And mother, it is not the city watch
that has taken him. It is the King’s own guard. Do you not see the
royal crown on their helmets, do you not notice the richness of their
clothing? I wonder what it can be about.”
Joseph spoke truly. Peter had at last fallen into the hands of
guardians of the law, and this time it was the King’s own men that
held him. It was evident, too, from the way they held him that they
thought they had a prize. They did not stop at the Town House
where offenders against municipal law were kept but marched
straight along Castle Street in the direction of the royal castle on
Wawel Hill.
At the church they found Pan Andrew in a very sweat of anxiety
and fear lest something of harm had befallen them. He caressed
them all one after another and then said to Joseph earnestly:
“I want you to remain here and sound the Heynals for the rest of
the night. There is much work to be done in the quarter where the
fire is, and every man’s hand is needed to stay the flames. . . . I see
that Pan Kreutz is not with you. He stayed, too, I presume, to work
with the rest of the men?”
“Indeed, father, I know not. We called many times, but his loft
was a mass of flames like to a roaring furnace, when we were driven
down the stairs.”
“I must see, then, if I can find aught of him. He has been on a
previous occasion our very great benefactor and it would but suit us
ill not to seek at least his body in the ruins. Should he not have
perished, as I pray God he has not, then we can offer him shelter
here until such time as he can find a roof again.”
But when Joseph told him of the capture of Peter he looked very
serious and said that if such people were in the city then he had

better not leave his wife and the young people. On second thought,
however, it seemed right for him to go, for the city was now lighted
by flames and it would be easy to summon aid if they were attacked.
And so he, with thousands of other valiant men, fought the fire in
Krakow that night. They formed in a ring about the conflagration
and tore down all the buildings across which it might run. The
Collegium Minus was the last building to catch on the side toward
the city wall, and then the fighters tore down the houses near the
old Jew Gate and stopped the fire there. The flames swept around
the other buildings of the university, destroyed one or two, though
not all, and were finally halted on the second street above St. Ann’s.
Sweeping in the other direction, the fire had early in its progress
destroyed the monastery and adjoining houses of the Church of the
Franciscans, and had crossed over to Castle Street where it burned
flat a whole line of buildings.
On these and the other edges of the district a wide belt of
destruction was created by the fighters. This belt, the tradesmen,
running to and fro with water wagons filled constantly at the
aqueduct, wet down and soaked until it was almost a water wall. So
furiously had they worked that the main progress of the fire was
checked in seven or eight hours, and although certain buildings and
ruins smoked and even blazed for several days afterward, yet the
great danger passed when this well-soaked belt of destruction was
completed.
When Pan Andrew returned to the tower in the full blaze of the
morning sun, nearly one third of the city of Krakow lay in ruins.
Fortunately it was not the better portion of the city, and many of the
old wooden-built hovels had been there since before the days of
Kazimir the Great; that monarch had successfully converted about
one half the city of Krakow from wood to stone more than one
hundred years before; had he not done so it is probable that the fire
of 1462 might have utterly consumed it.
Elzbietka and Joseph’s mother were asleep on the trumpeter’s
bed clasped in each other’s arms. Joseph sat outside the

compartment with the hourglass before him on a beam, gazing out
over the smoking ruins of the university quarter.
“Is the city saved?” was the first question he asked his father.
“It is not now in danger,” answered Pan Andrew. “But there are
many homeless souls in the city this day.”
“Did you see the alchemist?”
“I did not. He has disappeared as if he had flown away on the
clouds of smoke that covered the city.”
“Poor Elzbietka,” exclaimed Joseph.
The girl inside the compartment moaned slightly as her name
was spoken, although she was deep in a heavy slumber.
“I wonder if he was caught in the loft?” mused Pan Andrew. “It
was in the very center of the burned district.”
The answer to his question came with sudden unexpectedness.
There was a sound of footsteps on the stairs and Jan Kanty’s head
appeared from below. The scholar was leading another man by the
arm, a man who had been in the fire—his charred clothes and
blackened face showed it; around his shoulders and falling to his
waist was all that remained of what had once been a black robe. He
kept his hands beneath this robe.
“Pan Andrew,” whispered Jan Kanty softly, “I have found in the
street—Pan Kreutz.” And, checking the other’s startled exclamation,
he explained, “He is not in his right senses. Something has affected
his brain. But he has here something of interest to us all.”
Pan Andrew turned toward Kreutz—he never would have
recognized him had not Jan Kanty identified him; Joseph felt his
eyes glued with strange eagerness upon the eerie, blackened figure
and the mysterious folded hands beneath the robe; it had been a
scholar’s robe once.
“Ha, ha, ha!” laughed the alchemist suddenly, “up to heaven goes
everything in fire and yet no gold is found anywhere. Johann Tring!”

he looked about anxiously. “Where is Johann Tring? He answers me
not. He is lost in the flames, the flames that came so red and purple
when niter mixed with charcoal. Oho, Johann Tring! Come, Johann
Tring, and see what I have carried this whole long night for you.”
Throwing back the black robe, he held up the object that he had
been concealing there, and at the same moment the sun, streaming
in through the little window on the east side, fell full upon that
object; fell upon it and made it sparkle like the myriad of dew
diamonds shining upon a morning lawn new-mowed; sparkled like
the thousand chandeliers in the King’s great hall in the palace on the
Wawel Hill; sparkled like the rubies and emeralds that gleam in the
Queen’s crown; sparkled like the wondrous thing that it was, all
touched by the red rays of the morning sun—the Great Tarnov
Crystal!
“Now whence has that come?” shouted Pan Andrew so loudly
that the sleepers in the next room awoke. “Where by all that is good
and holy in the world have you found the gem which has been in my
family for years and years, which all my ancestors and I have sworn
to guard forever and to surrender to no person except to the King of
Poland? How has it come into your hands after it was stolen from
me, and my heart was nearly broken? Did you get it perhaps from
that ruffian who has been captured by the King’s guards? Did you
find it perhaps in the ruins of the town? Did you perchance——” The
truth suddenly flashed upon him and he was speechless.

“It is an accursed thing,” cried out the alchemist suddenly, reeling
in Jan Kanty’s arms as if he were gone faint. “There is blood upon it,
and fire! It has lured princes and kings to their destruction! It has
made men’s brains mad with lust for want of it! It has caused good
men to steal, and evil men to kill. I will have none of it. I will have
none of it, I say.” He was growing almost boisterous, yet there was
something in this attack of madness that had much of reason and
determination in it. “I will have no more of it,” he repeated, “and no
more of Johann Tring.”
At that he fell fainting to the floor.
Jan Kanty raised him, and Elzbietka who had run out from the
trumpeter’s room rushed to him and kissed and fondled his
blackened hands.

Pan Andrew picked up the Great Tarnov Crystal and held it at
arm’s length with a smile.
“Now may peace come upon us all,” he said, “for I may fulfill the
oath that my family has taken and deliver this to the King. While the
secret of its hiding place remained with me I might keep the crystal
as long as I chose, but now that the secret is out, there is but one
place where it may be guarded safely and that is in the palace of the
King. Pan Kreutz is right. This jewel has already done too much
harm in the world.”
“Then you may rid yourself of it at once,” broke in Jan Kanty.
“The King returned to Krakow two days ago, and we may find him at
the castle this very morning.”

O
CHAPTER XV
KING KAZIMIR JAGIELLO
f all the wonders that the capital city of Poland possessed
Joseph knew of none that stirred his imagination more than
did this royal castle of the kings upon the Wawel.
Impregnable through many sieges, its great rock base had stood,
brick and stone heaped high above it in a great mass of towers,
turrets, and walls. At its very heart, high above the winding Vistula
and the town, stood a strangely built round tower enclosed and
protected by the palace wings, where men in prehistoric times
worshiped the old nature gods of the Slavs; a place of rest and
seclusion where on rare occasions, when townsfolk might visit the
castle, Joseph had stood thinking of things that had been in the old
days.
He knew well the legend of Krakus, the hero of the dark ages,
who slew a dragon that had once made this hill his habitation. There
was a cave, so Joseph heard, that ran from the fortress underground
beneath the river, a secret exit in time of siege; here had been the
dragon’s lair, until the hero overcame him, and from that day men
made the Wawel a home, from which might be seen climbing into
the air, spires and belfries. All this Joseph had seen; he had fed his
fancies upon every object that graced the bleak, majestic rock, and
yet there remained one glory that had never yet met his eyes. That
glory was Poland’s King.

But this morning after the fire, when the little company set out
from the Church of Our Lady Mary toward the Wawel Hill, Joseph felt
his heart leaping strangely in his breast at the thought of the
adventure that was to be theirs. To see the King, to have audience

before him—it made the blood sing in his ears and tingle in his
finger tips.
They took the alchemist with them, on Jan Kanty’s advice,
although he still seemed like a man in a dream.
“I found him wandering through the fire-swept streets early this
morning,” said the scholar. “He had been running hither and thither
all night long in the most dangerous parts of the city, and how he
has escaped death from falling timbers and burning coals is more
than I know. . . . The man has something on his mind, something
that troubles him hugely, and with it all he seems to be acting like
one in a spell.”
“Do you think it well to bring him with us?” asked Pan Andrew,
who had doubted from the beginning that there would be any
benefit from the man’s presence.
“Yes—I have a curious notion,” answered the scholar, “that he
may be able to help us. We have much to explain to the King, and
the man’s presence will make our story more credible. And who
knows, perhaps the alchemist himself may get help—he needs some
light thrown into that brain of his, and since he is harmless, it will do
no damage to take him.”
Pan Kreutz’s hands and face had been washed and dried, and
most of the fire grime had left him; the scholar’s robe was useless,
however, and Pan Andrew hung a kontusz or long coat about his
shoulders.
Joseph was there with the three men; Wolf had been left behind
sleeping upon the floor of the high tower room. Joseph’s mother and
Elzbietka were under the protection of the day watchman who
relieved Pan Andrew at dawn. It was necessary for Pan Andrew and
Jan Kanty to assist the alchemist in walking at times when his feet
would shuffle curiously like those of a man walking in his sleep, but
he plodded along bravely, not yet realizing quite clearly what was
happening about him yet confident that the two men near him were
his friends and were leading him to some good place.

From Castle Street they turned at length up the long slope
leading to the castle on the Wawel. Behind them lay street after
street of desolation, of smoking ruins, of masses of wood still
flaming; amidst these ruins men were still working valorously tearing
down charred beams and hurling in tons and tons of water from the
water wagons, which were now all drawn by horses. One side of
Castle Street had suffered badly, the houses on the Street of the
Pigeons were entirely destroyed, St. Ann’s Street had but few
buildings left, while much devastation had been done along the
Street of the Bakers, the Street of the Goldsmiths, and the Street of
the Jews and Broad Street.
Jan Kanty’s company was challenged twice by guards on the way
to the palace, but when the soldiers recognized the good father, they
were at once passed along without question. It was another proof to
Joseph of the esteem in which the man was held; in himself,
however, there was not the least indication of pride and ostentation,
he was as simple as a child in most matters affecting worldly things,
and yet his name was as magic even in the court of the King. At
length they all stood in the little passageway on the Wawel through
which one passes to the palace, and here the guard, with spear
raised in salute to the scholar, bade the company wait until he went
to see if an audience might be had.
The soldier came back quickly. “The King,” he said gravely, “will
grant any request that may be made by Father Jan Kanty; he only
begs that the company wait a few minutes until a present audience
is finished.”
They waited perhaps fifteen minutes until an important-looking
functionary in a blue robe came to announce that King Kazimir
Jagiello would receive Jan Kanty and his friends.
Out into a wide court they went, following the courtier in blue, up
a marble staircase to the left and along a balcony. Then suddenly a
door was flung back and they were in the presence of the King.

To Joseph, remembering it afterward, it all seemed like a dream,
it was all so quiet and without ceremony. King Kazimir had chosen to
receive them in a small antechamber in which he often met certain
persons who were to be received without the usual ceremony of
presentation, and Jan Kanty was one of the privileged ones that he
met in such fashion.
Joseph and his father dropped upon one knee in front of the
King. He was sitting in a high-backed chair without a canopy, which
bore at its highest peak a royal crown; this crown was just above the
monarch’s head so that at first it seemed as if it were actually upon
his head and he were crowned. He wore a huge purple robe which
fell clear to the tops of his soft leather sandals; it had a great collar
embroidered with silks of many colors and in many patterns; a heavy
gold chain held the folds of the collar together, and beneath the
collar folds could be seen a rich vest embroidered with gold. The
sleeves of the robe were immense and hung down far below his
knees as he sat there; the robe itself was fringed with heavy fur. His
head covering was a simple cap of the same color as the robe, flat,
soft, and turned up a trifle at each side.
The King himself seemed the picture of comfort and informality;
not so his guards. On each side of him stood a guard in plate armor,
with stiff metal pieces over the arms, stomach, thighs, and legs. At
the waist they wore short, straight swords ready for action at a
second’s notice. These two men were as motionless as statues.
About the room stood knights in different kinds of armor, some in
light chain with long skirtlike coats, some in mail jackets that
resembled checkerboards in pattern and extended only from
shoulder to thigh, some in heavy armor and metal shoes armed with
spurs.
In front of the King were two pages carrying scepters. They, too,
stood motionless as he spoke.
“What is this?” he asked, as Jan Kanty came forward to kiss his
hand, which ceremony the King did not allow. “Have we here some
poor city dwellers driven forth by last night’s fire?”

“Yea,” answered Jan Kanty, “that is true, though we come not on
business of that sort. We are here upon some matter that may be of
deeper interest than one would suppose. These are Pan Andrew and
his son Joseph, by family name Charnetski, dwellers of the Ukraine
driven forth by violence and come here to have audience with your
Majesty.”
“So,” said the King with quick interest. “Stand, if you please, and
tell me the circumstances of your trouble for it greatly interests me
at this present time. I have much news from the Ukraine, and not so
pleasant, either. How came you by your misfortunes?”
“If your Majesty please,” began Pan Andrew, rising and taking out
the crystal from beneath his coat, “I wish to deliver to your Highness
the Great Tarnov Crystal.”
The sunlight touched it as he held it up, and the room and its
splendid company were suddenly agleam with wavy flecks of light,
red and orange and blue and yellow; there was a dazzling brilliance
to it that struck each eye with almost the force of lightning. The King
literally sprang forward to take the wondrous thing from Pan
Andrew’s hands.
“What a marvel! What a thing of beauty!” he exclaimed, while a
very murmur of astonishment ran through the circle of his
attendants. “Where in the world is to be found any jewel one-half so
miraculous as this?”
“I know not,” answered Pan Andrew, “but it has been in the
keeping of my family for many years.”
“Then why do you deliver it up to me?” demanded the King. “It is
worth a quarter at least of all the treasures in this palace.”
“That I will explain. My family has held it in trust these two
hundred years and more, and we have sworn to guard it until the
secret of its hiding place became known, and then, since there
would be great danger following such a discovery, to deliver it into
the hands of the King.”

“Then its hiding place has been discovered? But tell me first the
reason for concealing such a wondrous stone.”
“That, your Majesty, is a long story, which if your Majesty so
desires I will deliver shortly in writing, but I may say briefly that
when Tarnov fell before the Tartars these many years ago the
citizens entrusted this crystal to a member of my family. He took
oath to guard it zealously, with his life if need be, lest it fall into the
hands of people who might abuse its powers, for its beauty hides
strange properties which are allied to magic and sorcery and the
Black Arts, and it has been at times a curse, a thing of mystery and
a source of evil. When Tarnov was rebuilt new dwellers came there
and the crystal remained in our family.”
“How did the secret become known?”
“I had a servant, a Tartar. He was with me for many years. It was
my custom to conceal the crystal in the rind of a pumpkin, and many
a time this man must have seen me scraping out the inside of a
pumpkin and rubbing the shell with oils and gum in order to
preserve it. Because he was a simple fellow, I took no pains at any
time to conceal my task. But though lacking in wit, it seems that the
man was not lacking in curiosity. And his curiosity, I now believe, led
him to spy upon me, and eventually he discovered the use to which
I put the preserved pumpkin rind. He left me about a year ago, and
it was only a few months later that my house was attacked. I am
sure that he sold his information to some Tartar chieftain.”
“Could he suspect the value of the crystal?”
“That I do not know. I do know, however, that legends
concerning this crystal are everywhere to be found among the
Tartars and Cossacks. When they are children they are told tales of
it, and all of them grow up in the hope that some day they may find
it.”
“Thou thing of beauty,” said the King, gazing at the crystal,
“could thou but speak and tell all that men have done to possess
thee. Thou cruel, marvelous thing.”

Pan Andrew fell upon his knees before the King. “Take this crystal
and guard it, your Majesty,” he exclaimed with great feeling, the
tears already streaming down his face. “It has already done enough
harm in the world. In my own family it has been nothing but a
burden, a source of endless anxiety and suffering. My father’s
fathers, years and years ago, even dug a passageway in the earth,
through which one might escape with it secretly in case of an attack,
and so cleverly was this passage concealed that for years no one but
the master of the family has known of its existence.
“In spite of the beauty of this jewel I hate it from the very
bottom of my heart and I hope that I may never look upon it again.
For every ray of light that it reflects, thousands of men have fought
and died for its possession, for every color that lurks within its
depths miseries and sufferings have swept over whole nations. I
have guarded it faithfully but no more shall I guard it. I am fulfilled
of my oath.”
The King looked into the crystal fixedly, and then suddenly
shuddered as if he saw something fearful there.
“I shall be before many years an old man,” went on Pan Andrew,
in a pleading tone. “My home in the Ukraine exists no more. My
house is burnt, my fields are laid waste, and all because I had this
jewel in my possession and men envied me.”
He then went on to tell the story of the escape from the Ukraine,
the pursuit, the attempted robbery of his house, the attack on the
tower, and the persistency and repeated appearances of Peter of the
Button Face whom he had heard of in the Ukraine as Bogdan the
Terrible.
“I do not know,” he said, “who it might be that sent this man to
dog my steps, but my son Joseph has told me that your guards have
taken this same Peter a prisoner in the streets, and that he is a
captive of your men. Let me confront him here and perhaps I may
learn who it was that drove me from the Ukraine.”

While he was speaking the King gradually took his thoughts from
off the crystal, and when he mentioned the name Peter, the King
grew restless with excitement.
“I have the man,” he exclaimed, “and he shall be brought here.
My spies in the Ukraine reported recently that a great treachery was
afoot and that this man Peter or Bogdan was in Poland for the
purpose of consummating it. His description was given to my guards
and a reward was offered. Last night he was seen in the district
where the fire was raging and my guards brought him in. I shall
have him here directly.”
Two spearmen brought him in; as he walked, the chains which
hung from his arms and legs clanked on the floor. He did not deign
at first to glance at Pan Andrew or any of his party, but simply
looked at the King and folded his arms defiantly and with spirit.
Whereat the two guards forced him to his knees.
His air of indifference disappeared, however, when his eyes fell
upon the Tarnov Crystal which the King had set down upon the floor
before him. He glanced left and right and favored the trumpeter and
the alchemist with a look of bitter hatred.
“You are accused of treason against the Commonwealth of
Poland,” said the King immediately. “Have you any plea to make?”
“Who accuses me?”
“The governors of the Ukraine,” answered the King. “And
moreover you are charged with other crimes, among them that of
persecuting this citizen here before me—you have destroyed his
home and fields, and attacked him while he was on duty in the
church tower. The penalty for any one of these is death.”
Peter did not lose his self-assurance for a moment. He realized
more quickly than another might that his plea of innocence would
soon be broken down. He fell back then quickly upon another means
of obtaining his end.
“I would buy my freedom,” he asserted.

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