Introduction to statistics for social sciences 1

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This document provides an introduction to statistics. It defines statistics as the collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data. Statistics can refer to either quantitative information or a method of dealing with quantitative or qualitative information. There are two main approaches in statistics - descriptive statistics, which deals with presenting data in tables or graphs to get a general picture of a sample, and inferential statistics, which involves techniques for making inferences about a whole population based on a sample. Some key uses and applications of statistics include showing how samples differ from normal distributions, facilitating comparisons, simplifying messages in data, helping to formulate and test hypotheses, and aiding in prediction and inference. However, there are also some limitations to consider with statistics, such

Introduction to
Statistics
By
Dr. Minalba B. Jadeja
M.Sc. M.Ed. M.Phil. Ph.D. NET, GSET

2
⊸ The word statistics conveys a variety of meaning to people in
different walks of life.
⊸ The word statistics comes from the Italian words
Statista = "statesman"
Or
⊸ Latin Word ‘Status’ = State
Or
⊸ The German word Statistik = "Collection of data involving the
State"
INTRODUCTION

⊸ The word Statistics today refers to :
⊸ either quantitative information or a method of dealing
with quantitative or qualitative information.
⊸ Statistical Science or Statistics
3

4
Singular Stat.
=
Science
Plural Stat.
=
Data

5
Three different context of Statistics
Numerical
Data
Numerical
Facts
Collection of
Data and
Facts
Use of
Theory,
Methods, and
Procedures in
analyzing
interpreting
data collected
data

6
⊸ DEFINITION
⊸ “Statistics is defined as collection, Presentation,
analysis and interpretation of numerical data”.
Croxton & cowden
⊸ Statistics is a science of probability and Inference
Boudington

7
⊸ Statistics is a Science of
averages
⊸ Statistics is a science of
measurement in Social
Sciences
⊸ Statistics is the sciences and
art of dealing with figure and
facts.

Approaches
⊸ Descriptive Statistics
⊸ Inference and Predictive
Statistics
8

Approaches
⊸ Descriptive Statistics –
It deals with the presentation of
numerical facts, or data, in either
tables or graphs form.
It give techniques to get general
picture of sample.
Example :- Mean , Median , Mode,
Standard Deviation
etc…
9

Approaches
⊸ Inferential Statistics –
It involves techniques for making
inferences about the whole
population on the basis of
observations obtained from samples.
Examples :- t test, F test etc…
10

USE & APPLICATION OF STATISTICS
⊸ It shows how sample differs from normal
distribution
⊸ It facilitates comparisons
⊸ It simplifies the message of figure
⊸ It helps in formulating and testing
hypothesis
⊸ It help in prediction
⊸ It helps in inference

Limitations and Statistics
⊸ To ascribe unrealistic data by
misuse of an average
⊸ To compare unrelated and
irrelevant data in order to mislead
people
12

Students marks out of 100
( passing marks 35) :-
Average :- 42
13
Roll No Marks
1 30
2 25
3 25
4 30
5 30
6 25
7 35
8 25
9 96
10 99
Actually 7 Students failed but for advertisement only
average will be presented

Limitations and Statistics
⊸ Another presentation will be
⊸ Students scores 99 marks out of
100
⊸ But the actual situation is differ
14

Limitations and Statistics
⊸ To commit and error of generalizing
the conclusion on the basis of small
samples
⊸ Example for the advertisement of
the school, result of only brilliant
class is displayed
15

Limitations and Statistics
⊸ To predict changes in two variables
without taking cognizance of causal
relationship between them
⊸ To mislead people by making
unnecessary and clumsy
presentation of statistical data
16

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