Introduction to statistics for social sciences 1

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Minal Jadeja

Introduction to statistics for social sciences, Approaches, Use of Statistics, Limitations, and misuse of statistics

Introduction to
Statistics
By
Dr. Minalba B. Jadeja
M.Sc. M.Ed. M.Phil. Ph.D. NET, GSET

2
⊸ The word statistics conveys a variety of meaning to people in
different walks of life.
⊸ The word statistics comes from the Italian words
Statista = "statesman"
Or
⊸ Latin Word ‘Status’ = State
Or
⊸ The German word Statistik = "Collection of data involving the
State"
INTRODUCTION

⊸ The word Statistics today refers to :
⊸ either quantitative information or a method of dealing
with quantitative or qualitative information.
⊸ Statistical Science or Statistics
3

4
Singular Stat.
=
Science
Plural Stat.
=
Data

5
Three different context of Statistics
Numerical
Data
Numerical
Facts
Collection of
Data and
Facts
Use of
Theory,
Methods, and
Procedures
in analyzing
interpreting
collected
data

6
⊸ DEFINITION
⊸ “Statistics is defined as collection, Presentation,
analysis and interpretation of numerical data”.
Croxton & cowden
⊸ Statistics is a science of probability and Inference
Boudington

7
⊸ Statistics is a Science of
averages
⊸ Statistics is a science of
measurement in Social
Sciences
⊸ Statistics is the sciences and
art of dealing with figure and
facts.

Approaches
Inference
and
Predictive
Statistics
Descriptive
Statistics
8

Approaches
⊸ Descriptive Statistics –
It deals with the presentation of
numerical facts, or data, in either
tables or graphs form.
It give techniques to get general
picture of sample.
Example :- Mean , Median , Mode,
Standard Deviation
etc…
9

Approaches
⊸ Inferential Statistics –
It involves techniques for making
inferences about the whole
population on the basis of
observations obtained from samples.
Examples :- t test, F test etc…
10

USE & APPLICATION OF STATISTICS
⊸ It shows how sample differs from normal
distribution
⊸ It facilitates comparisons
⊸ It simplifies the message of figure
⊸ It helps in formulating and testing
hypothesis
⊸ It help in prediction
⊸ It helps in inference

Limitations and Statistics
⊸ To ascribe unrealistic data by
misuse of an average
⊸ To compare unrelated and
irrelevant data in order to mislead
people
12

Students marks out of 100
( passing marks 35) :-
Average :- 42
13
Roll No Marks
1 30
2 25
3 25
4 30
5 30
6 25
7 35
8 25
9 96
10 99
Actually 7 Students failed but for advertisement only
average will be presented

Limitations and Statistics
⊸ Students scores 99 marks out of
100
⊸ But the actual situation is differ
14

Limitations and Statistics
⊸ To commit an error of generalizing
the conclusion on the basis of small
samples
⊸ In the above mentioned example
the result of only brilliant class is
displayed for advertisement of the
school
15

Limitations and Statistics
⊸ To predict changes in two variables
without taking cognizance of causal
relationship between them
⊸ To mislead people by making
unnecessary and clumsy
presentation of statistical data
16

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Introduction to statistics for social sciences 1

1. Introduction to Statistics By Dr. Minalba B. Jadeja M.Sc. M.Ed. M.Phil. Ph.D. NET, GSET

2. 2 ⊸ The word statistics conveys a variety of meaning to people in different walks of life. ⊸ The word statistics comes from the Italian words Statista = "statesman" Or ⊸ Latin Word ‘Status’ = State Or ⊸ The German word Statistik = "Collection of data involving the State" INTRODUCTION

3. ⊸ The word Statistics today refers to : ⊸ either quantitative information or a method of dealing with quantitative or qualitative information. ⊸ Statistical Science or Statistics 3

4. 4 Singular Stat. = Science Plural Stat. = Data

5. 5 Three different context of Statistics Numerical Data Numerical Facts Collection of Data and Facts Use of Theory, Methods, and Procedures in analyzing interpreting collected data

6. 6 ⊸ DEFINITION ⊸ “Statistics is defined as collection, Presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data”. Croxton & cowden ⊸ Statistics is a science of probability and Inference Boudington

7. 7 ⊸ Statistics is a Science of averages ⊸ Statistics is a science of measurement in Social Sciences ⊸ Statistics is the sciences and art of dealing with figure and facts.

8. Approaches Inference and Predictive Statistics Descriptive Statistics 8

9. Approaches ⊸ Descriptive Statistics – It deals with the presentation of numerical facts, or data, in either tables or graphs form. It give techniques to get general picture of sample. Example :- Mean , Median , Mode, Standard Deviation etc… 9

10. Approaches ⊸ Inferential Statistics – It involves techniques for making inferences about the whole population on the basis of observations obtained from samples. Examples :- t test, F test etc… 10

11. USE & APPLICATION OF STATISTICS ⊸ It shows how sample differs from normal distribution ⊸ It facilitates comparisons ⊸ It simplifies the message of figure ⊸ It helps in formulating and testing hypothesis ⊸ It help in prediction ⊸ It helps in inference

12. Limitations and Statistics ⊸ To ascribe unrealistic data by misuse of an average ⊸ To compare unrelated and irrelevant data in order to mislead people 12

13. Students marks out of 100 ( passing marks 35) :- Average :- 42 13 Roll No Marks 1 30 2 25 3 25 4 30 5 30 6 25 7 35 8 25 9 96 10 99 Actually 7 Students failed but for advertisement only average will be presented

14. Limitations and Statistics ⊸ Students scores 99 marks out of 100 ⊸ But the actual situation is differ 14

15. Limitations and Statistics ⊸ To commit an error of generalizing the conclusion on the basis of small samples ⊸ In the above mentioned example the result of only brilliant class is displayed for advertisement of the school 15

16. Limitations and Statistics ⊸ To predict changes in two variables without taking cognizance of causal relationship between them ⊸ To mislead people by making unnecessary and clumsy presentation of statistical data 16

17. Thanks! 17

Editor's Notes

#3: Student :- subject Business men :- 5 star Politician :- trees 10000 Gruhini :- average

Introduction to statistics for social sciences 1

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Introduction to statistics for social sciences 1

Editor's Notes