Q4-LESSON-1-STATISTICS-AND-BASIC-TERMS.pptx
- 1. STATISTICS AND BASIC TERMS MELC: Poses real-life problems that can be solved by Statistics. (M7SP-IVa-2)
- 2. OBJECTIVES Explain the importance of statistics Pose problems that can be solved using statistics
- 3. STATISTICS Statistics is a branch of Mathematics that deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.
- 4. Statistics involves much more than simply drawing graphs and computing averages. • In education, it is frequently used to described test results. • In science, the data resulting from experiments must be collected and analyzed. Diseases are controlled through analysis designed to anticipate epidemics. The lifetime of a battery can be tested in a laboratory. Endangered species of birds and other wildlife are protected through regulations that react to statistical estimates.
- 5. Statistics involves much more than simply drawing graphs and computing averages. • Manufacturers can provide better product at reasonable costs through the use of statistical quality control techniques. • In government, many kinds of statistical data are collected all the time. • A knowledge of statistics can help become more critical in your analysis of information; hence, you will not be misled by the manufactured polls, graphs, and averages.
- 6. POPULATION & SAMPLE A population is a complete collection of all elements (scores, people,...) to be studied. A sample is a subcollection of elements drawn from a population. A census is collection data from every element in a population.
- 7. POPULATION & SAMPLE A researcher would like to conduct a survey to the 100 randomly chosen Grade 7 students of Benigno “Ninoy” S. Aquino High School regarding the effect of blended modality implemented in the fourth quarter. POPULATION Students of Benigno “Ninoy” S. Aquino High School SAMPLE 100 randomly chosen Grade 7 Students
- 8. Identify the population and sample in each of the following situation: 1.) A scientist is investigating the effectiveness of a new drug to relieve the symptoms of hypertension. He administers the drug to 100 adults. 2.) A survey will be given to 50 students randomly selected from the senior class at GEOM High School. 3.) A mayor selected 250 voters to see if the people in his town thought he was delivering good services. 4.) A vaccine was given to 10 randomly chosen senior Makatizen.
- 9. TYPES OF SAMPLE 1.) In a random sample, each member of the population has an equally likely chance of being selected. The members of the sample are chosen independently of one another.
- 10. TYPES OF SAMPLE 2.) A convenience sample is a sample that is chosen because of its convenient proximity and accessibility to the researcher.
- 11. TYPES OF SAMPLE 3.) In a stratified random sample, the population is divided into subgroups, so that each population members is in only one subgroup. In here, individuals are chosen randomly from each subgroup.
- 12. TYPES OF SAMPLE 4.) A cluster sample is a sample that consists of items in a group such as a neighborhood or a household. The group ,ay be chosen at random.
- 13. TYPES OF SAMPLE 5.) A systematic sample is obtained using an ordered list of the population, thus selecting members systematically from the list.
- 14. Identify which type of sampling is used: random, stratified, cluster, systematic or convenience. Situation: Mr. Belleza plans to choose four students from the Math Club to be in s publicity photo. How could he choose the four students? 1.) Mr. Belleza could put the names of all the students in a box, picking the names without looking. 2.) Mr. Belleza could choose the first student in row 1, the second in row 2, the third in row 3, and so on.
- 15. 3.) Mr. Belleza could choose the four students in the fourth row. 4.) Mr. Belleza could choose a group of four students in the corner of the last row. 5.) Mr. Belleza could mix the names of the boys and choose two from the group. He does the same for the girls.
- 16. NATURE OF DATA Data are raw material which the statistician works. These are collection of values in a particular variable Quantitative Data - consist of numbers representing counts or measurements. Qualitative Data - can be separated into different categories that are distinguished by some nonnumeric characteristics.
- 17. Classify the following as either quantitative or qualitative. 1.) Opinion on a political issue 2.) Number of hospitals that has a nuclear center 3.) Ages of Congressmen 4.) Trending hair color 5.) religion
- 18. CLASSIFICATION OF QUANTITATIVE DATA Discrete data result from either a finite number of possible values or countable number of possible values as 0, or 1, or 2, and so on. (Can be obtained by counting.) Continuous data result from infinitely many possible vales that can be associated with points on a continuous scale in such a way that there are no gaps or interruptions. (Can be obtained by measuring.)
- 19. LEVEL OF MEASUREMEN T • NOMINAL • ORDINAL • INTERVAL • RATIO
- 20. NOMINAL LEVEL • Categorical data and numbers that are simply used as identifiers. • Classifies data into names, labels or categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed. Examples: 1. gender. categorized as male or female. 2. jersey number. the jersey number is only used to identify the player. 3. id number. the id number is used to assign the identity of an individual in a certain school/university.
- 21. ORDINAL LEVEL • Classifies data into categories that can be ordered or ranked, but precise differences between the ranks do not exist. Examples:
- 22. INTERVAL LEVEL • Have a precise difference between measures but the zero value is arbitrary and does not imply an absence of the characteristic being measured. Example: Temperature- If the temperature falls at zero degrees, it does not imply that there is no temperature in an area still zero indicates a measure.
- 23. RATIO LEVEL • Based on a standard scale which have a fixed zero point in which the zero value denotes the complete absence of the characteristic being measured. Example: Money - if a person declared that he has only php 0 on his pocket, it simply implies that the person has no money at all.
- 24. Let us take an example of a “100-meter race” in a tournament where three runners are participating from three different regions of the Philippines. Each runner is assigned a number (displayed in uniform) to differentiate from each other. The number displayed in the uniform to identify runners is an example of nominal scale. Once the race is over, the winner is declared along with the declaration of first runner up and second runner up based on the criteria that who reaches the destination first, second and last. The rank order of runners such as “second runner up as 3”, “first runner up as 2” and the “winner as 1” is an example of ordinal scale. During the tournament, judge is asked to rate each runner on the scale of 1–10 based on certain criteria. The rating given by the judge is an example of interval scale. The time spent by each runner in completing the race is an example of ratio scale.
- 25. Determine which level of measurements (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is used: 1.) average annual temperature in Tagaytay 2.) weights of garbage discarded by households 3.) a judge rates some presentations as “good” 4.) the political party to which each governor belongs 5.) volume of water being wasted
Editor's Notes
- #21: Example: Class Number, ID Number, Jersey Number