The role of statistics in Medicine
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This document discusses the role of statistics in medicine. It defines statistics as the science of collecting, summarizing, presenting and interpreting data to estimate associations and test hypotheses. The document outlines the two major types of statistics as descriptive statistics, which involves collecting and summarizing data, and inferential statistics, which draws inferences from samples. It emphasizes the importance of statistics in medicine for evidence-based practices, establishing causality, disease prevention and control, and aiding the identification of clinical syndromes.
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![1. Descriptive statistics
[include collection, organization, presentation and summarization
of data.]
2. Inferential statistics
[is concerned with procedures used to draw inferences and
conclusions about a large body of data (called population) from a
smaller set of data (called sample)]
The 2 Broad Classification of Statistics](https://izqule7twkl7vq3ljkxejyz-s-a2157.bj.tsgdht.cn/theroleofstatisticsinmedicine-170117195244/85/The-role-of-statistics-in-Medicine-5-320.jpg)
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Extra materials:
Descriptive
research
is a study designed to depict the participants in an accurate way. More simply put, descriptive analysis is all about describing people who take part in the survey.
There are three ways a researcher can go about doing a descriptive research project, and they are:
Observational, defined as a method of viewing and recording the participants
Case study, defined as an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals
Survey, defined as a brief interview or discussion with an individual about a specific topic
Mixed
methods
research
(Extracted from the article below) is the use of quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study or series of studies. It is a new methodology that is increasingly used by health researchers, especially within health services research. There is a growing literature on the theory, design, and critical appraisal of mixed methods research. However, few papers summarize this methodological approach for health practitioners who wish to conduct or critically engage with mixed methods studies.
Article: Using Mixed Methods in Health Research
Meta-Analysis
Meta
-
analysis
is a statistical technique for combining data from multiple studies on a particular topic. A Meta-analysis is an analytical tool for estimating the mean and variance of underlying population effects from a collection of empirical studies addressing ostensibly the same research question. Meta‐analysis has become an increasingly popular and valuable tool in psychological research, and significant review articles typically employ these methods.
Article: Meta-Analysis in Medical Research
Epidemiology
According to the Centers for Disease Control,
Epidemiology
is the method used to find the causes of health outcomes and diseases in populations. In epidemiology, the patient is the community and individuals are viewed collectively. By definition, epidemiology is the study (scientific, systematic, and data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states and events (not just diseases) in specified populations (neighborhood, school, city, state, country, global).
Article: Epidemiology is a Science of High Importance
Longitudinal Studies
Longitudinal Study, an epidemiologic study that follows a population forward over time, evaluating the effects of one or more variables on a process. If individuals are followed, it is termed a longitudinal cohort study. If classes—e.g., age classes—are studied, it is a longitudinal cross-sectional study. Longitudinal studies are the converse (opposite) of horizontal (parallel) studies.
Article Longitudinal Studies
.
Biostatistics.school of public healthppt
Biostatistics.school of public healthppttemesgengirma0906 This document provides an introduction to biostatistics. It discusses what biostatistics is, which is the application of statistical methods to biological and medical sciences. Biostatistics is concerned with interpreting biological data and communicating information derived from these data. It plays a central role in medical investigations. The document outlines several uses of biostatistics, including providing methods for organizing information, assessing health status, evaluating health programs, and assessing risk factors. It also discusses key biostatistics concepts such as variables, types of data and statistics, populations and samples, and measures of central tendency.
Biostatistics clinical research & trials
Biostatistics clinical research & trialseclinicaltools Biostatistics in clinical research involves the application of statistical methods to analyze and interpret data from clinical trials. It plays a crucial role in study design, sample size determination, data analysis, and result interpretation. Biostatisticians ensure that clinical research findings are valid, reliable, and meaningful, contributing to evidence-based medicine. Their expertise helps researchers make informed decisions, assess treatment efficacy, and draw accurate conclusions about the safety and effectiveness of interventions.
Level of Evidence- Dina Hudiya Nadana Lubis.pptx
Level of Evidence- Dina Hudiya Nadana Lubis.pptxdina410715 This document provides an overview of different types of evidence and study designs used to assess levels of evidence in healthcare research. It defines level of evidence as a hierarchical system used to assess the quality and strength of research findings. Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies are described as primary sources of evidence, while systematic reviews and meta-analyses are secondary sources. The advantages and disadvantages of each study design are summarized in a table. Systematic reviews synthesize existing evidence through a structured process, while meta-analyses conduct quantitative analyses to derive summary effect sizes. Expert opinion is also discussed as a source of evidence.
1. Alok Rajput Different types of Clinical Studies.pdf
1. Alok Rajput Different types of Clinical Studies.pdfAlokRajput32 Different Types of Clinical Trials
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Accident prevention theories & Risk managementAdeyinka ADENIRAN This document discusses accident prevention theory and risk management. It covers several accident causation theories including the domino theory, human factors theory, accident/incident theory, epidemiological theory, systems theory, and combination theory. The domino theory proposed by Heinrich in the 1930s views accidents as resulting from a chain of events beginning with social environment and ancestry factors. The human factors theory attributes accidents to overload, inappropriate responses, and inappropriate activities leading to human error. The accident/incident theory extends this by including ergonomic traps and decisions to err. Risk assessment and management are also described as important aspects of accident prevention.
Sampling Techniques
Sampling TechniquesAdeyinka ADENIRAN This document discusses various sampling techniques used in research. It defines sampling as selecting study units from a population. Probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling allow generalization to the population by giving units an equal chance of selection. Non-probability methods like convenience and quota sampling are used without a sampling frame. The document emphasizes the importance of representative, bias-free samples for research validity.
Refugee rehabilitation & Disaster Management
Refugee rehabilitation & Disaster ManagementAdeyinka ADENIRAN This document discusses refugees and disaster management. It defines a refugee as someone who has fled their country due to risks like persecution. Refugee situations are caused by man-made disasters like civil conflicts or natural disasters like earthquakes. Refugees often experience psychological consequences like PTSD, anxiety, and depression. They also face physical health issues and lack social protections. The document defines a disaster as a sudden, widespread, and adverse event that disrupts normal life. Disaster management aims to reduce the impacts of disasters and includes preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation efforts. Key agencies for this in Nigeria include NEMA.
Physical environment & Health
Physical environment & HealthAdeyinka ADENIRAN The physical environment has a major influence on health, accounting for approximately 80% of morbidity and mortality. The physical environment includes air, land, water, and can pose health risks from hazards like noise, radiation, heat/cold, vibration, and pressure. A healthy physical environment is a key determinant of overall health and wellbeing.
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Natural history & spectrum of diseasesAdeyinka ADENIRAN Natural history of disease describes the typical course a disease takes from exposure to outcome without treatment intervention. It includes induction time, incubation period, latency, stages of subclinical and clinical disease, and possible outcomes of recovery, disability, or death. Spectrum of disease refers to the full range of manifestations a disease can take in a population from precursor to severe states depending on interactions between host, agent, and environment factors. Studying natural history and spectrum is important for disease prevention by identifying appropriate intervention stages.
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Comparison of social services in Nigeria & other CountriesAdeyinka ADENIRAN This document compares social services in Nigeria to other countries. It discusses that social services, such as health, education and welfare, are the responsibility of the state to enhance citizens' well-being. While developed countries have well-functioning social systems like social insurance and devote over 15% of GDP to health, Nigeria only spends around 5% of its GDP on health and has much lower coverage and accessibility of social services compared to places like the UK, USA and China. It calls for the Nigerian government to be held more accountable and for laws and advocacy to increase investment in social services.
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Hazards of Agricultural IndustryAdeyinka ADENIRAN This document discusses the various hazards involved in agricultural work. It notes that up to 80% of people in developing communities engage in agriculture. The document outlines physical, biological, chemical, psychosocial, and ergonomic hazards. Physical hazards include heat, noise, dust and machinery accidents. Biological hazards include bacteria, viruses and parasites that can cause diseases like tetanus and leptospirosis. Chemical hazards refer to pesticides, herbicides and insecticides that can have harmful health effects. More than 90% of accidents are due to human error. The document recommends implementing a hierarchy of controls to prevent and address these hazards, including elimination, substitution, engineering and procedural controls, personal protective equipment, health education, and provision
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National Occupational Legislation and RegulationsAdeyinka ADENIRAN This document discusses occupational health and safety legislation and regulations in Nigeria, specifically the Factories Act of 1990. It provides definitions of key terms like "factory" and outlines provisions of the Act relating to health, safety and welfare in factories. These include requirements around cleanliness, ventilation, sanitation, drinking water, washing facilities, first aid and more. It also discusses enforcement of the Act, notification of industrial accidents/diseases, the role of trade unions in occupational health, and provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Law of 1990.
History of Occupational health
History of Occupational healthAdeyinka ADENIRAN Occupational medicine has a long history dating back to ancient times where slave labor was used to build structures under harsh conditions. In the 16th-17th centuries, early pioneers like Georgius Agricola and Bernardino Ramazzini studied mining accidents and illnesses, laying the foundation for modern occupational medicine. During the Industrial Revolution, many women and children worked long hours in unsafe factories, leading doctors and activists to fight for better working conditions. Sir Thomas Legge introduced the concepts of occupational disease notification and prevention in the late 19th century. International organizations like the ILO and WHO have also advanced occupational health and safety globally. While occupational health services began in Nigeria in the 1960s, there is still progress needed regarding worker protections and
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Excreta & Sewage managementAdeyinka ADENIRAN This document discusses excreta and sewage management. It describes that 15% of rural areas lack access to safe excreta facilities, with 75% using pit latrines and 60% discharging waste directly into the environment. Sewage refers to liquid waste containing excreta, bathing, and kitchen waste water. Improper sewage disposal can spread diseases like typhoid, hepatitis A, and cholera. Common rural sewage disposal methods include pit latrines, while water-based systems in other areas use septic tanks connected to soakaways. Proper sanitary sewage disposal prevents contact of feces with vectors and promotes environmental health.
Sociology of fertility
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- 2. At the end of this class, students should be able to define statistics Describe the two major types of statistics Discuss the importance of statistics in medicine Learning Objectives
- 3. Statistics in the science of collecting, summarizing, presenting and interpreting data, and using them to estimate the magnitude of associations and test hypotheses What is Statistics?
- 4. 1. Collection of data 2. Organization of data 3. Presentation of data 4. Summarization of data 5. Significance testing 6. Drawing inferences and Interpreting data 7. Finally, Communicating data Components that capture the essence of statistics are listed below
- 5. 1. Descriptive statistics [include collection, organization, presentation and summarization of data.] 2. Inferential statistics [is concerned with procedures used to draw inferences and conclusions about a large body of data (called population) from a smaller set of data (called sample)] The 2 Broad Classification of Statistics
- 6. 1. For Evidence-Based Medicine Which underscores examination of evidence from clinical research, systematic collection & synthesis of evidence in medicine 2. In establishing causality/risk factors of diseases & health events Importance of Statistics in Medicine
- 7. 3. Helps in Disease prevention & control 4. To aid identification of clinical syndrome Importance Cont’d
Editor's Notes
- #4: Data : Refers to observations made on individuals. In many instances, the individuals are people but they need not be e.g. clinical specimens, hospital records, discharge summaries etc. Data can be Primary or Secondary. Primary Data : Collected and recorded by the investigator/s themselves by observation, interviews or measuring instruments usually systematically and for defined purposes. Secondary Data : Collected by somebody else or for other purposes e.g. information derived from hospital records.
- #7: The use of statistics in medicine provides generalizations for the public to better understand their risks for certain diseases, such as links between certain behaviors and heart disease or cancer.