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Introduction to Statistics.pptxxxxxxxccx
- 1. Introduction to Statistics BY:- SHIVANI VIJ
- 2. What is Statistics ? The word “Statistics” has been derive from the Latin word “Status” or Italian word “Statista” or German word “Statistika”. Each of these words means Political State. Now a days, Statistics has become an important subject having useful application in various fields in day to day life. Statistics in Plural Sense:-- In the plural sense, Statistics refers to information in terms of numbers or numerical data such as Population Statistics, Employment Statistics etc. However any numerical information is not statistics.
- 3. Example: Ram gets Rs.100 per month as pocket allowance is not Statistics. It is neither an aggregate nor an average. Whereas average pocket allowance of the students of Class X is Rs.100 per month and there are 80 students in class XI & 8 students in Class XII are Statistics. Data which are not Statistics Data which are Statistics A cow has 4 legs. Average height of the 26 plus male people in India is 6 feet compare to 5 feet in Nepal. Ram has 200 rupees in his pocket. Birth rate in India is 18 per thousand compare to 8 per thousand in USA. A young lady was run over by a speeding truck at 100 km per hour. Over the past 10 years, India has won 60 test matches in cricket and lost 50. From above information we can say that “All Statistics are data, but all data are not Statistics”
- 4. Definition:- According to Bowley - “Statistics are numerical statements of facts in any department of enquiry placed in relation to each other.” According to Yule and Kendall ----- “By Statistics we mean quantitative data affected to marked extent by multiplicity of causes.” Statistics in Singular Sense In a singular sense, statistics means science of statistics or statistical methods. It refers to techniques or methods relating to collection, classification, presentation, analysis and interpretation of quantitative data. Definition ----------Statistics may be defined as the collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data. (According to Croxton and cowden) ----------Statistics is the science which deals with the collection, classification and tabulation of numerical facts as a basis for the explanation, description and comparison of phenomena. (According to Lovitt)
- 5. Difference between statistics in Plural and Singular Sense PLURAL SENSE SINGULAR SENSE In this sense it deals with numerical information. In this sense it deals with various methods of collection and analysis of data. In plural sense statistics is descriptive In singular sense it is applied science In this sense it is the collection of aggregates of facts. In this sense it provides results and conclusions on the basis of analysis of collected data.
- 6. Subject Matter of Statistics Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive Statistics refers to those methods which are used for the collection, presentation as well as analysis of data. For Example: Descriptive statistics is used when you estimate average height of the secondary students in your school. Descriptive statistics is also used when you find the marks in science and mathematics of the students in all classes are closely related to each other. Inferential Statistics: Inferential Statistics refers to all such methods by which conclusion are drawn related to the universe or population on the basis of a given sample. For example: Estimation of average weight of the entire class on the basis of average weight of only a sample of students of the class then we use the inferential statistics. Subject matter of statistics includes two components: 1.Descriptive Statistics 2. Inferential Statistics
- 7. CHARACTERISTICS OF STATISTICS Statistics are aggregate of facts. Statistics are numerically expressed. Statistics are affected to a marked extent by multiplicity of causes. Statistics are either enumerated or estimated with reasonable standard of accuracy Statistics are collected in a systematic manner. Statistics are collected for a pre-determined purpose. Statistics should be placed in relation to each other. In the absence of the above characteristics numerical data can’t be called Statistics and hence “all statistics are numerical statements of facts but all numerical statements of facts are not statistics.” According to above Definitions, Statistics is both a science and an art. It is related to the study and application of the principles and methods applicable in the collection, presentation, analysis, interpretation and forecasting of data. Or statistical facts influenced by several factors and related to any area of knowledge or research so that concrete and intelligent decisions may be taken in the phase of uncertainty
- 8. Nature of statistics Statistics as a science: science refers to a systematized body of knowledge. It studies cause and effect relationship and attempts to make generalizations in the form of scientific principles or laws. Statistics as an art: we know that science is a body of systematized knowledge. How this knowledge is to be used for solving a problem is work of an art. Art aspects of statistics tell, ‘how to use statistical rules and principles to study the problems and finding their solutions. Statistics is both science and art: If science is knowledge, then art is action. Looking from this angle statistics may also be regarded as an art. It involves the application of given methods to obtain facts, derive results and finally to use them for devising action.
- 9. SCOPE OF STATISTICS Statistics and the State Statistics in Business and Management Statistics and Economics Statistics and Psychology and Education Statistics and Natural science Statistics and Research Statistics and Computer
- 10. Functions of Statistics Numerical and definite expression of facts Simplifies the data Comparison of facts Establishment of relationship b/w two or more phenomena. Enlarges individual experiences Helps in the formulation of policies Helps in forecasting Testing of hypothesis
- 11. Importance of Statistics Importance to the State or Government: Statistics are extensively used as a basis for government plans and policies. For example-5-years plans are framed by using reliable statistical data of different segments of life. Importance in Human Behavior; Statistical methods viz., average, correlation etc. are closely related with human activities and behavior. For example-when a layman wishes to purchase some article, he first enquiries about its price at different shops in the market. Importance in Economics: There are different segments of economics where statistics are used: 1. Consumption- By the statistics of consumption we can find the way in which people in different group spend their income. 2. Production- By the statistics of production, supply is adjusted according to demand. 3. Distribution- Statistics play a vital role in the field of distribution. We calculate the national income of a country by statistical methods and compare it with other countries.
- 12. Importance in Planning; for the proper utilization of natural and manual resources, statistics play a vital role. For example- In India, a number of organizations like national sample survey organization(N.S.S.O.), central statistical organization (C.S.O.) are established to provide all types of information. Importance in Business 1. Marketing 2. Quality Control 3. Banking and Insurance Companies 4. Research and Development
- 13. LIMITATIONS OF STATISTICS 1. Statistics does not study qualitative facts 2. Statistics doesn’t study individual 3. Statistical results are true only on the average 4. Statistics as lack of complete accuracy 5. Statistics is liable to be misused 6. Statistics is only one of the methods of studying a phenomenon 7. Statistical results may be misleading
- 14. Distrust of Statistics 1. Data may be incomplete, inaccurate and deliberately manipulated. 2. Statistics can prove whatever it wants 3. Statistics are tissues of false-hood. How to remove Distrust of statistics? 4. To be used by experts 5. Limitations of statistics must be considered. 6. No blind faith 7. Self control: no personal bias while drawing conclusion.
Editor's Notes
- #2: Initially, Statistics was used to collect the information of the people of the state about their income, health, illiteracy and wealth etc.
- #6: Descriptive statistics methods includes measurement of central tendencies, measurement of dispersion, measurement of correlation etc.
- #13: 1…Like happiness, honesty, intelligence 3… like average age in US is 65, this does not mean everyone has, had or will have 65 yrs of age. 4…..accuracy is not 100% eg… population is 1 crore 10lakhs, this does not mean population is exactly this no. it may be 100-200 more or less. 5. In hands of inexperienced person the data can be misused 6…..results obtained, must be matched with some evidences 7…..prisoners are increasing does not mean crime is increasing always, it might also be due to rude attitude of police towards people.