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statistics introduction LECT 2 FEB 2024 .PDF
- 1. Definitions related to statistics:- Statistics:- is the collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions. Or =Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. Also Statistics is a branch of mathematics used to summarize, analyze, and interpret a group of numbers or observations. Variable:- is an element that can assume different values. Population- is the inclusive group defined by researcher. Sample:- is a subgroup of the population.
- 2. Types of Statistics: Applied statistics can be divided into two areas: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. 1-Descriptive statistics: It consists of methods for organizing, displaying, and describing data by using tables, graphs, and summary measures. 2-Inferential Statistics : consists of methods that use sample results to help make decisions or predictions about a population. Mathematical statistics:- Mathematical statistics is the application of mathematics to statistics, which was originally conceived as the science of the state. Biostatistics :- is the application of the mathematical tools used in statistics to the fields of biological sciences and medicine. Or =Biostatistics is the application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology. =The science of biostatistics encompasses the design of biological experiments, especially in medicine, pharmacy, and nursing; the collection, summarization, and analysis of data from those experiments; and the interpretation of, and inference from, the results. A major branch of this is medical biostatistics, which is exclusively concerned with medicine and health. A biomedical scientist : Biomedical scientist is a scientist trained in biology, particularly in the context of medicine.
- 3. These scientists work to gain knowledge on the main principles of how the human body works and to find new ways to cure or treat disease by developing advanced diagnostic tools or new therapeutic strategies. Biomedical scientists carry out a range of laboratory and scientific tests to support the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Many hospital departments could not function without them, including operating theatres and accident and emergency departments. Data: is the collection of information in the form of numerical figures, regarding different aspects of life. The data can be about population, birth, death, temperature of place during a week, marks scored in the class, runs scored in different matches, etc. We need to analyze this data. For Example: The following table gives the data regarding the number of students selecting for different activities. Activities reading Music Art Sports No. of students 15 25 10 40
- 4. Or Data:- is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables; restated, pieces of data are individual pieces of information. Data in computing is represented in a structure that is often tabular (represented by rows and columns), or a graph. Data is typically the result of measurements and can be visualized using graphs or images. Census: is a survey that includes all members of the population. Concerns of biostatistics:- Biostatistics is focused on:- Collection, organization, summarization and analysis of data. Drawing conclusions about a body of data. WHY WE SHOULD STUDY STATISTICS ? 1. Knowledge in statistics provides the person with the necessary tools to abstract information intelligently from this sea of data. 2. Statistics is investigating real problems in the practical world. 3. It used to analyze what is happening in the world around us. 4. It can be useful in predicting what may happen in the future such as weather forecasts or predicting disease occurrence. For example, studies have shown that 85 to 95 percent of lung cancers are smoking related. The statistic should tell you that almost all lung cancers are related to smoking and that if you want to have a good chance of avoiding lung cancer, you shouldn't smoke.
- 5. 5. Statistics can be used in medical studies:- Scientists must show a statistically valid rate of effectiveness before any drug can be prescribed. 6. The rate that an insurance company duties is based upon statistics from all drivers in the person area. 7. Quality Testing:- Companies make thousands of products every day and each company must make sure that a good quality item is sold. But a company can't test each and every item that they ship to the consumer. So the company uses statistics to test just a few, called a sample, of what they make. If the sample passes quality tests, then the company assumes that all the items made in the group are good. 8. Statistics used to forecast what is happening in the economy by using the computer analytical programs.
- 6. Functions of statistics : 1. Presentation of data in a simple form 2. Comparison of health status of different localities and in one locality at different times. 3. Diagnosis of a health problem in the community. 4. Evaluation of any health program eg vaccination