Introduction to Statistics
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3) Find the deviations from the mean:
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- 2. What is Statistics? Statistics is the study of how to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret numerical information about samples and populations. A population is the universal set of the subject being observed. A sample is an observable, subset of a population descriptive statistics focuses on the organization, summarization, and display of data inferential statistics: focuses on using sample data to draw conclusions about a population. Probability is inferential statistics critical tool.
- 3. Data Data can be defined as a collection of facts or information from which conclusions can be drawn. collected by observation, counts measurements, or responses sample data focuses on a specific random variable can be classified by its level of measurability
- 4. Classifying Data Data can be sorted into two broad groups: 1. qualitative data consists of attributes or labels (qualities that are non- numerical) responses on a survey telephone number directories 1. quantitative data consists of numerical measurements or counts, quantities heart rate amount of snowfall
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- 7. Classify a random variable A random variable can be classified as discrete or continuous. discrete: countable number of days temperature is greater than 90 is measure by counting values are integers (no decimals and fractions) countable number of values between any two data points continuous: measurable amount of rainfall is measured (not counted) values are integers, decimals, and fractions infinite number of values between any two data points
- 8. Levels of Measurement Random variable data can be classified by the depth and precision of measures taken from the data. The four levels of measurement from weakest to strongest are: 1. nominal 2. ordinal 3. interval 4. ratio
- 9. Nominal qualitative data that consists of names, labels, or categories set of team jersey numbers set of responses to a survey like strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree team names of the NFL, MBL, NHL, NBA, etc.
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- 11. Interval data that can be arranged in order; differences are meaningful, but the zero value is arbitrary. Ratios and divisions may be possible, but the quatient is insignificant. temperature measure with the Fahrenheit scale year of high school graduation
- 12. Ratio similar to data at the interval level with the added properties that zero is an inherent zero and one data value can be meaningfully expressed as a multiple of another. average monthly percipitation birthweights lengths of sample trout